Topic: The Effects of Covid 19 Pandemic on Mental Health of the Individual
HW: Part II & V: Your OPENING (II) and CLOSING (V) PARAGRAPHS (W. 12)
the opening and closing paragraphs in color, here as ONE document
Chocolate!
What is the
name of your
favorite kind in
the chat bar!
Sorry!!!!!
I am sure I made you hungry!!
You’ll see, it was all for
a good cause!
Today, you will write the introduction and conclusion for to your research paper!
A research paper typically
includes these sections:
• Introduction
• Literature review
• Discussion
• Conclusion
You have written these
parts of your research
paper:
• Introduction
• Literature review
• Discussion
• Conclusion
Todayyou will write
• Introduction
• Literature review
• Discussion
• Conclusion
Introduction
• Opening Sentence
– Grab the attention of your reader
– Make them want to read more!
Sentences in between
• Closing Sentence
– Thesis Statement*
– States your stance/recommendation for your reader (the rest of the paper will literally expand on this one sentence – you’ll see!)
SO…BACKto chocolate!
SO…BACKto chocolate!
Sorry!!!
Alittle-known fact…
According to Forbes (2020), Americans consume
an average of 11 pounds of chocolate per
person per year.
According to Forbes (2020), Americans consume
an average of 11 pounds of chocolate per
person per year.
Did you know that?!
By the way, there are resources
about the
OpeningSentence
on page 60 of your manual!
Flip to it!
Or use your Directions
resource in this week’s folder
Canyou find all the elements of an
opening sentence here?
According to Forbes (2020), Americans consume an average of 11 pounds of chocolate per person per year.
Hint: here are the elements:
• a surprising, disturbing, little-known, or wonderful fact
• a statistic
• an in-text citation
Wait!
I don’t remember how to DO
one!
In-text citations!
OK!
I found it, but I don’t quite remember how to DO
one!
In-text citations!
Forbes (2020)
In-text citations need
Who wrote it (or whose
idea it is)
When
Two ways to cite: (p. 33-38 in manual)
author names are part of the sentence
(narrative format)
author names and date of
publication are not part of the sentence
(parenthetical format)
Remember….
Who wrote/thought it When
Examples
One Author
Research by Smith (2004) found…
Recent research (Smith, 2004) found…
Two Authors
Research by Wager and Petty (1994) found…
Paraphrased material (Wager & Petty, 1994).
Which way of citing is used here?
According to Forbes (2020), Americans
consume an average of 11 pounds of
chocolate per person per year.
Now YOUwrite an
opening sentence
on YOURtopic.
This will open your research paper!
Expect to spend 20-40 minutes on this one
sentence!!! Surprising, but true!!
here are the elements:
• a surprising, disturbing, little-known,
or wonderful fact
• a statistic
• an in-text citation
Break time!
What isa thesis statement?
Pleaseread page 2
in your Directions resource
in this week’s folder
The Thesis Statement:
Justifying Your Stance Based on
Research
The Thesis Statement:
Justifying Your Stance Based on
Research
The thesis statement
-Is the driving force or “outline” of
your paper based on research
The Thesis Statement
Justifying Your Stance Based on
Research
The thesis statement
-Is the driving force or “outline” of your
paper based on research
-Contains your stance on the topic based
on research.
General Formula
topic +
your stance on the topic + how your stance is supported by research
(citation) = your thesis statement
General Formula
Look at the sample in your
Directions document
in this week’s folder
Now let’s write yours!
Expect to spend 25 – 45 minutes on this.
This is a hard one,
because it is the “outline” to your paper!!!
Topic +
your stance on the topic +
how your stance is
supported by research
(citation) =
your thesis statement
FORMULA
Takea BREATH!!!
Where in the
Opening
Paragraph
does the
thesis
statement go?
Where in the
Opening Paragraph
does it go?
It’s the LAST sentence of the Opening Paragraph
(and helps you to organize your paper!)
Now, you have the two “BOOKENDS!”
Youropening sentence
Now, you have the two “BOOKENDS!”
Your opening sentence
and
Yourthesis statement
Green = Opening sentence meant to grab reader’s attention
Red = Sentences in between that are needed to transition from Green to Purple
Purple = Recommendation based on research
Food fraud has been identified in multiple communities, and in some cases there is a rise in this fraudulent behavior with the increase in different needs regarding food types (Northern District of Iowa, 2019). Food fraud refers to the deliberate alteration of food, related ingredients, or packaging, as well as the creation of false or deceptive assertions about a product in order to profit financially (Spink & Moyer, 2011, as cited in Levy, 2020). This fraud can cause damage to consumers’ health, or can affect entire supply chains (Northern District of Iowa, 2019). Food fraud has been found in the research and in (popular press/relevant journals) to be a threat to public health as well as to the economy. Due to food fraud’s threats to segments of business as well as communities, government and food, organizations should install more efficient legislature such as (name of policy with citation) to oversee and regulate the food chains operated by independent providers such as farmers and sole proprietors.
Please write
your
opening
paragraph
in color!
• Start with your Green
opening sentence
• Have Blue sentences in
the middle
• End with your
Purple thesis
statement
Conclusion Paragraph
• Most students overthink this but think of it
like a mirror image of your introduction
paragraph.
So…
Turn the opening paragraph upside down!
ConclusionParagraph Turntheopeningparagraphupsidedown!
Foodfraudhasbeenidentifiedinmultiplecommunities, andin somecasesthereisariseinthisfraudulentbehavior withtheincrease indifferentneedsregardingfoodtypes (NorthernDistrictofIowa, 2019).Foodfraudrefersto elthediberatealterationoffood,related ingredients,or packaging,aswellasthecreationoffalseordeceptive assertionsaboutaproductinordertoprofitfinancially (Spink& Moyer,2011,ascitedinLevy,2020).Thisfraud cancausedamageto consumers’health,orcanaffect entire supplychains(NorthernDistrict ofIowa,2019).Foodfraud hasbeenfoundintheresearchandin (popularpress/relevant journals)tobeathreattopublichealthaswell asto the economy.Duetofoodfraud’sthreatstosegmentsofbusiness aswellascommunities,governmentandfood, organizationsshould installmoreefficientlegislaturesuchas (nameofpolicywithcitation) tooverseeandregulatethe foodchainsoperatedbyindependent providerssuchas farmersandsoleproprietors.
Conclusion Paragraph Not actually copying the sentences, but the gist!
Due to food fraud’s threats to segments of business as well as to
communities, government and food, organizations should install more
efficient legislature such as (name of policy with citation) to oversee
and regulate the food chains operated by independent providers such as
farmers and sole proprietors. Food fraud has been found in the research
and in (popular press/relevant journals) to be a threat to public health as
well as to the economy. This fraud, as seen in the research (cite all
research studies from the literature review), can cause damage to
consumers’ health, or can affect entire supply chains (Northern District
of Iowa, 2019). The (fill in recommended action) is necessary, as food
fraud has been identified in multiple communities, and in some cases
there is a rise in this fraudulent behavior with the increase in different
needs regarding food types (Northern District of Iowa, 2019).
,
ABORTION RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITED MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES 11
*** This sample was adapted from a Monroe College student’s final paper. ***
Conclusion
It is important to ensure that each person has access to health care resources especially
when the goal is health equity for all. These pre-existing inequities in reproductive healthcare
services are evident in our current healthcare system (citation needed), and a greater, more
targeted public health response is needed to make meaningful change and foster positive
outcomes for all women, girls and children. Therefore, fostering other ways to cultivate change
and provide easy access to prenatal care, maternal healthcare services, and execute the right to
bodily autonomy is of the utmost importance.
This is the end of your paper
– Insert a page break
(begin the References page on the top of the next page)
,
ABORTION RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITED MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES 2
*** This sample was adapted from a Monroe College student’s final paper. ***
The Impacts of Abortion Restrictions and Limited Maternal Health Services
Introduction
Access to maternal health services is a fundamental component to achieving health
equity; it is estimated by the United Nations (2022) that 121 million pregnancies each year are
unintended, with 45% of all abortions deemed unsafe, causing 810 women to die each day, due
to preventable causes related to childbirth. Appropriate measures to ensure safe and reliable
maternal health services before and after birth is imperative and should be a fundamental right
for all women. An expansion of resources, such as those provided through the WIC program
(FNS, 2013), increased funding, proper education on contraception, and access to maternal and
prenatal care is needed to ensure safety for all women and create a sense of bodily autonomy
(Carlson & Neuberger, 2021; Disi et al., 2022).
The Literature Review would go here,
introduced by a Level 1 Header and adhering to APA 7 Basics
– No page breaks between sections or extra spaces
,
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RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH IN PREGNANT WOMEN |
1 |
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RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH IN PREGNANT WOMEN |
4 |
Racial Disparities in Healthcare Among Pregnant Women in the United States
Tamifer Lewis
Public Health, Monroe College, King Graduate School
KG604-144: Graduate Research and Critical Analysis
Dr. Manya Bouteneff
December 4, 2022
Discussion
There is current evidence that racial disparities in healthcare among pregnant women continues to be a problem in the United States. In an article published by The New York Times, there has been a persistence and growth in racial disparity throughout the years despite calls to take action to improve medical care access for women of color (Rabin, 2019). Similarly, in a study conducted by Nichols and Cohen (2019) mounting disparities continue amid women health outcomes in the United States, primarily among race and ethnicity and within residents living in urban and rural areas (Nichols and Cohen, 2019). These disparities directly affect African American, Alaska Native and Native American Women (Rabin, 2019). When compared to other high-income countries, the United States has substandard records in maternal health outcomes, and while the rate of maternal mortality dropped across the world, America's maternal health outcomes have worsened (Rabin, 2019).
To reduce the disparities among minority women policy changes have been made. Federal law enacted the Preventing Maternal Death Act providing states with grants to explore, examine and investigate pregnancy related deaths for up to one year after the birth of a child (Rabin, 2019). Also, The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists created new guidelines in treating cardiovascular disease in pregnant women (Rabin, 2019). In 2014 Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health (AIM) was developed by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology to collaborate with partners of the states and hospitals to gather information on safety measures being taken to improve maternal health outcomes, allowing partners to assess and track program progress (Nichols and Cohen, 2019). In the study conducted by Nichols and Cohen (2019), two out of the various programs that California implemented were the Black Infant Health Program (BIH) and increasing the states income eligibility for pregnant women to 200% of the federal poverty level. With the implementation of these programs, mortality rates decreased from 22.1% to 8.3% in the best practices toolkit, a program developed for hemorrhage and high blood pressure during pregnancy. Altogether, California's maternal mortality rate decreased by above 50% between 2006 and 2018 (Nichols and Cohen, 2019). To prevent negative pregnancy outcomes in women of color, California used federal funds to develop programs that focused on African American mothers and the health determinants that are influenced by social and structural factors. The Black Infant Health Program provided support to African American women through group trainings, entailing of stress reduction, life skills development, and building social support (Nichols and Cohen, 2019). Nearly half of the babies born in the United States are insured under Medicaid which covers the child through the first year of life. However, in most states, Medicaid provides coverage for the mother until 60 days postpartum, after which the mother must meet the federal poverty level to be eligible for coverage (Nichols and Cohen, 2019). This exposes the mother to various risks that can adversely affect her health. Expanding Medicaid access would mitigate the maternal healthcare barriers that affect low socioeconomic minority women.
Racial disparities in maternal healthcare are a persistent problem in the United States. African American mothers experience higher adverse pregnancy outcomes and are less likely to obtain sufficient prenatal care when compared to Caucasian women (Zhang et al., 2013). Similarly, racial disparities among women of color are made worse by partialities in the healthcare that they receive (Nichols and Cohen, 2019). To mitigate racial disparities in maternal health among minority women it is important to understand the determinants that contribute to their health outcomes. With increased federal funding, programs can be geared towards providing quality care to women of color. This can be established by utilizing specific methods of care that are relatable to those being serviced in the community, providing them with medical professionals that are culturally competent and adequately trained in servicing underserved communities, fostering a trusting provider-patient relationship. Nichols and Cohen (2019) suggest that funding should be used to address the social factors that influence maternal health to reduce the psychosocial risks in women who may be more vulnerable to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The pregnancy-related risks of a mother do not end after her child's birth. The expansion of Medicaid access and coverage would provide a mother with the means of receiving adequate care during all stages of pregnancy and during the postpartum period, in which she can still be adversely affected from her pregnancy. It is vital for the federal government to enact policies requiring states to provide medical coverage to women for one year after the birth of their child. Providing coverage to various specialties would ensure the mother has efficient access to care should adverse symptoms develop. Nichols and Cohen (2019) postulated that state programs should expand Medicaid coverage for women focusing on their healthcare needs before, during and after pregnancy, paying close attention to women’s health and chronic disease management, especially to those who have or had high risk pregnancies. Implementing these programs would develop a foundation in the quality of racial maternal care across all states and provide cohesion and uniformity in the delivery of care.
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, September 6). Racial and ethnic disparities continue in pregnancy-related deaths. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/p0905-racial-ethnic-disparities-pregnancy-deaths.html
Darling, E. K., Cody, K., Meara Tubman-Broeren, & Marquez, O. (2021). The effect of prenatal care delivery models targeting populations with low rates of PNC attendance: A systematic review. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 32(1), 119-136. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/effect-prenatal-care-delivery-models-targeting/docview/2507722229/se-2
Nichols, C. R., & Cohen, A. K. (2021). Preventing maternal mortality in the United States: Lessons from California and policy recommendations. Journal of Public Health Policy, 42(1), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-020-00264-9
Rabin, R. C. (2019, May 8). Huge racial disparities persist in pregnancy-related deaths, and are growing. New York Times, A20(L). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A584694288/ITOF?u=nysl_me_moncol&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=b9422ff9
Zhang, S., Cardarelli, K., Shim, R., Ye, J., Booker, K. L., & Rust, G. (2013). Racial disparities in economic and clinical outcomes of pregnancy among Medicaid recipients. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 17(8), 1518+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A344827866/PPNU?u=nysl_me_moncol&sid=bookmark-PPNU&xid=51747d52
