Queen Essays

Instrumentation refers to the tools or means researchers used to measure various research (Leung, 2001). Each instrument is selected based on the research goals. The research will use a questionnaire to collect information on various variables related to leadership styles in a remote setting (ie. work from home). According to (Leung, 2001), questionnaires are used to collect information from participants the researcher is interested in. A questionnaire is applicable in research when collecting factual data. Consequently, the investigators must ensure that the questionnaires are highly structured to allow the same types of information to be collected from many people in the same way and for data to be analyzed quantitatively and systematically (Leung, 2001). The research will use questionnaires to obtain critical information on independent variables.

The instruments used for the study will be comprised of the demographic characteristic questions (see Appendix B), the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) (see Appendix E), individual work performance questionnaire (IWPQ) (see Appendix F), and the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) also known as Job Satisfaction Index (JSI) (see Appendix I). For JSS the Cronbach’s Alpha (α) coefficient of internal consistency was then used to measure the reliability of the JSI constructed from the survey data. The tool is internally consistent if α is equal to or bigger than 0.7 (Leung, 2001). Four dimensions had an α value greater than 0.65. However internal consistency and reliability of the tool. indicate that the calculated JSI is reliable and internally consistent. Comment by WIDNER, ROBERT: New paragraph Comment by Ameki Williams: Done Comment by WIDNER, ROBERT: Keep in mind that any demographic information that you gather must be included in the Consent Form so that potential participants are informed of what information they will be asked to provide before they can make an informed consent.

For the reliability of the individual items of MLQ, CFA regression weights for the MLQ-5X indicated that all the items presented a λ ≥ .50 (R 2 ≥ .25), ranging from .51 to .83. The exceptions were item four, concerning Active Management by Exception subscale, with a λ = .17 and, item 17, concerning Passive Management-by Exception subscale, with a λ = .20, showing a reduced contribution for the leadership constructs they represent. Regarding CFA regression weights for the MSLS, all the items presented a λ ≥ .50, ranging from .54 to .91. With no exception, all MSLS items showed a significant contribution for the constructs they represent. Regarding construct reliability, and the composite reliability (CR) criteria, the MSLS and MLQ-5X did not present problems in this domain, showing a good reliability of the leadership subscales (CR ≥ .70) (Table 2). Even though the Cronbach’s alpha criteria of two of the MLQ-5X subscales (Management-by-Exception Active and Management-by-Exception Passive) assumed problems of internal consistency, their values were near the acceptable (i.e., α =.687 and α = .696, for this study).

 For the IWPQ subscales, a mean score is calculated by adding the item scores and dividing their sum by the number of items in the subscale. Hence, the IWPQ yields three subscale scores that range between 0 and 4, with higher scores reflecting higher task and contextual performance, and higher counterproductive work behavior. The psychometric properties of the IWPQ have been tested and results indicated good to excellent internal consistency for task performance (α = 0.78), contextual performance (α = 0.85), and counterproductive work behavior (α = 0.79).

Technology will be instigated to facilitate the procedures of the research, particularly in selecting the sample population. Organizations that have adopted remote working will be contacted to provide access to their employees. Participants have the option to not answer all questions on the demographic questionnaire if they do not want to. Any data collected by a paper form will be stored for five years, after which the data shall be destroyed appropriately, and digital data shall be deleted from the flash drive after three years as well (Redus, 2020).

A representative sample of 60 remote workers will be scheduled to answer the questionnaires. The estimated sample size used for this study was 45 remote workers. 15 percent will be added for possible attrition, and another 15% will be added for possible use of nonparametric tests. Thus 30% totaled will be added to the sample size of 45 to get a sample size of 60. However, the participants will be required to have worked remotely for at least 6 months. Also, the willingness of the employees to take part in the study was significant as it would ensure accurate results would be collected. The questionnaires will be disseminated, answered, and submitted online. Comment by WIDNER, ROBERT: Explain to your reader how you got this number. Comment by Ameki Williams: Done Comment by WIDNER, ROBERT: Explain how you added 15% for possible attrition and another 15% for possible use of nonparametrics in the case statistical assumptions have been violated. Comment by Ameki Williams: Done

The research procedure for this study will entail sample selections virtually across the United States, through which 60 participants from remote working settings will be selected. The next procedure will be collecting data on the styles of leadership of different leaders, with the consideration of employee performance, motivation, and job satisfaction. Significant methods that will facilitate data collection include questionnaires and possibly performance evaluation. Performance evaluation is a formal and productive procedure to measure an employee's work and results based on their job responsibilities. The most critical part of this study is defined by data analysis, which will make use of statistical methods, including Multivariate analysis of variance MANOVA as discussed above. This step will provide insight into job satisfaction, motivation, and employee performance as related to various leadership styles. Comment by WIDNER, ROBERT: Identify the target population, including the study location, which may be a virtual location. Comment by Ameki Williams: Done Comment by WIDNER, ROBERT: There are two completely different sampling methods. Convenience sampling is recruiting from a group to which you have easy access (i.e., convenient access). They are preassembled and bounded by an artificial constraint. Purposive sampling is intentionally seeking out an individual, as if by name, based upon their unique experience, and is a sampling method most associated with qualitative research. Please inform your reader which approach you intend to use. Comment by WIDNER, ROBERT: Explain to your reader what this is. Then decide if you will be using it or not. We can't submit to IRB a document that has "possibly" in it. Comment by Ameki Williams: Done Comment by WIDNER, ROBERT: Spell out the first time that you use the acronym. Comment by Ameki Williams: Done

Resources