Queen Essays

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International Journal of Care and Caring • vol 2 • no 3 • 425–31 • © Policy Press 2018

Print ISSN 2397-8821 • Online ISSN 2397-883X • https://doi.org/10.1332/239788218X15351945466012

debates and issues SPECIAL ISSUE • The care ethics moment: International innovations

Engaging men as fathers and caregivers: an entry point to advancing women’s

empowerment and rights

Joni van de Sand, [email protected] Laxman Belbase

Sinéad Nolan MenEngage Global Alliance, UK

Engaging men and boys to do unpaid care work is key to achieving gender justice. This article argues that caregiving programmes with men can be effective and serve as an entry point to engage men as allies for feminist agendas. There is a need to increase the uptake and scale-up of such initiatives, while ensuring quality, local contextualisation and ownership, and full accountability to women and girls. Furthermore, such programmes must be connected with efforts to advance women’s economic empowerment and rights, challenge social norms around caregiving, transform institutions, and be combined with progressive national policies to recognise, reduce and redistribute unpaid care work.

key words masculinities • engaging men and boys • unpaid care • gender equality

To cite this article: van de Sand, J., Belbase, L. and Nolan, S. (2018) ‘Engaging men as fathers and caregivers: an entry point to advancing women’s empowerment and right’, International Journal

of Care and Caring, 2(3): 425–31, DOI: 10.1332/239788218X15351945466012

Introduction

“My attitudes toward my daughter and son have changed. Because our society is still very patriarchal, violent and sexist towards women and girls, [my peers] make fun of me for supporting my wife at home, taking care of our children and engaging in household chores. But I don’t care as I know this is the right thing to do and it will ultimately bring happiness, peace and prosperity to the family.” (Mr Ram Kumar, father from a rural village in Kapilvastu, Nepal, and participant in the ‘Positive Fatherhood for Child Care and Gender Equality’ project, Save the Children Nepal)

“He doesn’t drink and make noise anymore. He has become a good example for our neighbourhood. We encourage our sons and husbands to be like him, engaging and supporting their wife and daughters with household works, and taking care of their children and mother. He is mostly at home

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doing household work, supporting his wife, supporting children with their homework and is less aggressive with his family members. We don’t see him strolling around the village anymore. He is very different now from the way he was before, and from most of the other men.” (Ms Dashiya Tharu, Ram Kumar’s neighbour)

Ram Kumar’s transformation is one example, among many, of the promising changes that have started to emerge among men who are part of fatherhood and caring programmes. In recent years, initiatives that seek to engage men as active, gender- sensitive, non-violent fathers and caregivers have been developed in diverse contexts around the world. Such programmes are an important means of encouraging men to take on their fair share of caring and domestic work, and engaging them as allies for gender equality. However, efforts to engage individual men in caring must be embedded in national strategies to recognise, reduce and redistribute unpaid care work (as well as paid care work), and combined with a range of progressive policies that support women’s economic empowerment, rights and gender justice.

Unpaid care has only gained visibility in international policy in recent years, despite the fact that the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, the outcome of the 1995 World Conference on Women, called for the recognition and redistribution of unpaid care. The value of unpaid household and care work is increasingly being recognised, not just for children and family members, but also for the long-term health of societies and economies. As men’s involvement in caring gains international attention, the work of the MenEngage Alliance in promoting gender equality by engaging men and boys and transforming masculinities is becoming increasingly relevant.

As numerous programmes to engage men in fatherhood and caring emerge, a number of critical ethical considerations become important:

• How do we connect programmes that engage individual men with efforts to challenge stereotypical social norms around caring, and transform systems and institutions towards the recognition, reduction and redistribution of unpaid care work?

• How do we increase the uptake and scale-up of such initiatives, while ensuring quality, local contextualisation and ownership?

• How do we ensure that these programmes engaging men are accountable and meaningfully contribute to women’s economic empowerment, women’s rights and gender justice?

The MenEngage Alliance

The MenEngage Alliance is an international network of civil society organisations that implement, research and advocate for gender-transformative approaches to engaging men and boys towards women’s rights and gender justice. The Alliance currently has over 700 member organisations across 70 countries worldwide and is organised in country- and regional-level networks. In partnership with women’s rights and gender justice activists and organisations, the Alliance seeks to add value to existing initiatives by exploring how transforming patriarchal masculinities and engaging men and boys can contribute

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to the joint objectives set by feminist and social justice movements. The work brings a men-and-masculinities lens to initiatives that seek to reduce gender-based violence and discrimination, advance sexual and reproductive health and rights for all, redistribute unpaid care work, and transform militarised masculinities in order to achieve peace and security.

MenEngage Alliance members use a wide range of strategies to engage men and boys, including direct programming, community mobilisation, public awareness campaigns and policy advocacy. At the global level, the Alliance seeks to strengthen the capacity of civil society organisations and activists to implement gender-transformative approaches to engage men and boys. The Alliance supports network building by creating online and in- person spaces to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and promising practices. The Alliance also engages in policy advocacy, at national levels as well as at the United Nations, with governments and service providers to promote progressive policies that include a men- and-masculinities perspective in order to advance women’s rights and gender equality. Another core role of the Alliance at the global level is strengthening accountable practices in the field of engaging men and boys in order to ensure that this work supports and adds value to the efforts of women’s rights and other social justice organisations.

The gendered ‘burden’ of caring

There is no country in the world where women’s rights are fully realised and where gender equality has been achieved. Inequalities between and among women, men and people of diverse gender identities are manifested in many ways, not least in the division of labour, both unpaid and paid. Feminist economists and social policy scholars have produced rigorous evidence for decades confirming that, across the world, burdensome aspects of care work fall disproportionately on women and girls. This comes as no surprise. However, the scale of that inequality is staggering – throughout the world, women and girls continue to spend two to 10 times more time than men and boys on unpaid care work, including domestic work, water and firewood collection, and caring for children and those who are ill or old (Donald and Moussié, 2016; Heilman et al, 2016). Even in countries like Sweden and The Netherlands, known for being relatively gender-equal, women still do 20% to 60% more unpaid care work than men (World Bank, 2015). In the US, national data show that women with children under the age of six spend just over an hour a day on hands-on care, while men do only about 50% of that amount (World Bank, 2015).

This unequal division of care work acts as one of the primary barriers to women’s economic empowerment (and empowerment in general) and relates to several key women’s rights violations worldwide. Women make up 40% of the global formal workforce yet, on average, earn 24% less than men (Levtov et al, 2015). At the current rate of progress, the International Labour Office (ILO, 2011) estimates that it will take another 75 years before women and men achieve equal pay for equal work – and that is probably an optimistic calculation. Even when women have paid employment, they still perform most of the domestic tasks, including household maintenance and childcare, leading to a ‘double-burden’ on women; it is an unequal distribution of unpaid care that limits women’s and girls’ time for other pursuits, such as education,

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career development or political participation, relegating them to low-income and insecure employment (Ferrant et al, 2014). In addition, existing social norms and expectations often force women to take on stereotypical positions related to care work, such as domestic workers, teachers, nurses and so on – positions that are crucial to society yet generally undervalued and underpaid. As populations around the world grow and age, the care labour market will only increase in importance. It is imperative, therefore, that societies begin to adapt to these new circumstances. Care work needs to be better recognised: it is necessary for all societies to function, has tremendous value and is a source of fulfilment to many. The inequalities in who pays for and provides care require urgent realignment in a manner that will bolster women’s rights, generate jobs and make societies more just and equal.

Engaging men in fatherhood and caregiving

Achieving gender equality will mean that men and boys take on 50% of the world’s paid and unpaid care work. This will require that boys and men, from early childhood, are socialised in ways that seek to transform the gendered division of care work specifically, and the gendered division of labour in general. In order to advance women’s economic empowerment and gender justice, it is essential to examine and challenge the stereotypical notions of masculinities that are currently inhibiting men’s care work, and to engage men and boys to take up their share of caring and domestic work.

Equal sharing of responsibilities is the right thing to do – it supports women’s human rights and gender justice. Research has shown that positive male parental involvement leads to improved maternal and child health, as well as stronger and more equitable partner relations, and increases the likelihood that sons will grow up to be more gender-equitable and involved fathers, and that daughters will be empowered (Ferrant et al, 2014). In addition, male engagement in caring has benefits for men themselves, and research from the State of the World’s Fathers reports shows that men who are more active in caring roles are healthier, happier and less violent (Levtov et al, 2015).

The MenEngage Alliance and the transformation of gender norms

The MenEngage Alliance’s member organisations implement programmes to engage individual men in caring, such as fatherhood-preparation courses that focus on men’s roles in the lives of children and attitudes towards caring, addressing fathers’ reported feelings of being unprepared for caring; and helping them see the benefits of greater participation. The Alliance and its members also work to transform social norms around caring more broadly and increase recognition of the value of unpaid care, as well as the participation of women in paid work. Through public campaigns and community engagement, the Alliance works to challenge people’s deeply entrenched attitudes, behaviours and stereotypes around masculinity and caring. It also aims to transform the understanding of boys’ and men’s roles in caring, including in professional care work, which is often perceived as low value ‘women’s work’.

Much of the work on fatherhood and caring by Alliance members is done through the MenCare campaign (see: www.men-care.org), active in more than 45 countries, which promotes men’s involvement as equitable, non-violent fathers and carers. The

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MenEngage Alliance and its members, in particular, through the ‘MenEngage Men and Fatherhood Working Group’, provided foundational support to develop and initiate the MenCare campaign. Through innovative programming, public awareness campaigns and policy advocacy, MenCare engages men at all levels – individuals, communities, institutions and policymakers. Since its inception in 2011, the campaign has reached millions of people with positive messaging that challenges stereotypical expectations around masculinity and caring. MenCare publishes the ‘State of the World’s Fathers’ reports (see: https://sowf.men-care.org/), which provide a global view of the state of men’s contributions to parenting and caring (with issues in 2015 and 2017, and forthcoming in 2019). MenCare is co-ordinated by Promundo and Sonke Gender Justice, both members of the Alliance, in collaboration with a steering committee that includes Save the Children Sweden, Oxfam GB, Plan Sweden and the MenEngage Alliance.

For the MenEngage Alliance, accountability to women’s rights and other social justice movements and feminist principles is key in everything it does, including its work on engaging men in unpaid care. Feminist activists have been working on these issues for decades, and in order to ensure accountability to them, it is imperative that programmes and initiatives to engage men in caring are informed by feminist and rights-based approaches. The Alliance works to promote such accountable practices among its members and partners, and to ensure that programmes are implemented in ways that further strengthen the feminist agenda. The Alliance acknowledges that fatherhood is a crucial entry point to reach men but argues that it should not stop there. Rather, programmes supporting men to become more engaged fathers and partners can serve as a starting point to explore more difficult conversations about masculinities and men’s roles in gender inequality, including about challenging topics such as gender-based violence and sexual and reproductive health and rights. The Alliance supports, and stands in solidarity with, women’s rights activists’ call for maternity leave, where there is a lack of proper parental leave for women, and to mobilise members to support this call. It also aims to mobilise men and boys in changing attitudes that reinforce the gendered division of labour, and to reduce the disproportionate share of care work, by taking responsibility for caring for the mother or partner and child (including pregnancy, prenatal and post-natal care). By engaging men in fatherhood programmes, the Alliance seeks to mobilise them as allies in the struggle for women’s rights and gender justice for all.

In order to change the attitudes and behaviours of men, and to create the large-scale societal transformations that are needed, programmes to more equally distribute care work need to be scaled up and adopted by governments and service providers. The MenEngage Alliance supports, and advocates, the upscaling of this work. It is important, however, that upscaling does not simply mean copying ‘successful’ initiatives across from one context to another, but that approaches are contextualised to reflect local realities. To do this, initiatives to engage men and boys in caring must be implemented in partnership with women’s rights organisations and networks working in the local context. We believe that upscaling is not merely about governments taking up these programmes, but also means supporting local organisations and building relationships and partnerships among a range of relevant stakeholders. For any societal change to happen, actors at all levels are needed – and have distinct roles: governments serve to meet the needs of their citizens, and civil

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society can, if needed, serve as a watchdog to ensure that services and policies are well developed and delivered.

Transforming the care economy for gender justice

To achieve the necessary transformative impact, work with individual men must be accompanied by efforts to challenge structural barriers to the equitable division of caring. These include factors that inhibit women from developing paid careers at the same pace and quality as men can – the infamous ‘sticky floors’ and ‘glass ceilings’ – which often result in women doing more unpaid care. On 1 January 2018, Iceland stepped up its efforts to close the gender pay gap by introducing fines for companies with 25 or more employees that lack government certification for their equal-pay policies. Its latest step to ensure that men are not paid more than women for the same work followed a 2017 amendment to the country’s Gender Equality Act 10/2008 (Government of Iceland, 2018). In doing so, it aims to remove one structural barrier: with women and men earning the same, the decision on who stays at home to care becomes a more level playing field. Insufficient public services, infrastructure and social protection policies are leading causes of the unequal division of paid and unpaid labour. Progressive policies, such as (paid) parental leave, can help even out this division, and when these include paternity leave, they encourage men’s caring, help transform deeply rooted societal attitudes to caring and promote greater equality in the household, workplace and society as a whole.

It is our observation that existing workplace cultures, driven by the global capitalist economy (Banks, 2006), lead to a system that values growth and production more than caring for people and the environment. There is an urgent need to educate and mobilise men and boys as critical citizens and advocates, alongside women and girls and people of diverse gender identities, in order to transform the systems and institutions around them and support policy change, including on unpaid care. Through advocacy work at country, regional and global levels, the MenEngage Alliance promotes public policies and services that support the redistribution of care work, from women to men, and from citizens to the state. This collective advocacy aims to challenge restrictive government agendas around the world and hold them to account, including by normalising a sense of collective responsibility for care.

In 2015, United Nations member states adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Goal 5.4 (United Nations, 2015) calls for recognising, reducing and redistributing unpaid care work – a measure long proposed by feminist economists and gender-equality advocates. The question now is how to meet this objective. Beyond services, achieving the SDG targets will require policy change and shifts in priorities. It is imperative that governments implement relevant policies to achieve Goal 5.4, as well as gender justice more broadly, and that such interventions are viewed as an investment, not a cost.

Examples of specific national policy solutions promoted by the MenEngage Alliance include:

• promoting public services and social protection policies that support families and enable the redistribution of care work within households;

• redistributing care work from poorer households to the state by financing, providing and regulating care services;

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• promoting more progressive parental leave policies that are well paid, non- transferable and adequate in length;

• increasing the government uptake of programmes and campaigns that seek to transform social norms around caring, including through institutionalising such initiatives within education and health-care systems; and

• promoting family-friendly policies in the private sector, including parental leave, childcare and flexible working arrangements.

Conclusion

Engaging men and boys to take on 50% of unpaid care work is a vital component in achieving the goal of recognising, reducing and redistributing unpaid care and addressing the deep-seated social and gender norms that perpetuate inequalities, discrimination and violence. Increased global attention and recognition of men’s roles and responsibilities in unpaid care is a positive development, and promising initiatives have emerged to engage men as active and equitable fathers and carers. However, achieving the ultimate goal of gender equality in the provision of care will be a challenge. It will require a fundamental shift in how caring, gender norms and masculinities are perceived, and will depend on efforts at all levels of society, from individual efforts with men and boys, to the adoption of progressive policies and legislation, to the transformation of institutions. Crucially, it will require both government support and action and meaningful partnerships with local civil society organisations, including those that are women-centred and women-led, to ensure that initiatives to engage men in caring contribute to the overall goal of a more gender-just world for all.

References Banks, M. (2006) Moral economy and cultural work, Sociology, 40(3): 455–72. Donald, K. and Moussié, R. (2016) Redistributing unpaid care work: Why tax matters

for women’s rights, Brighton: Institute for Development Studies (IDS). Ferrant, G., Pesando, L.M. and Nowacka, K. (2014) Unpaid care work: The missing

link in the analysis of gender gaps in labour outcomes, issue paper, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Development Centre.

Government of Iceland (2018) News item, www.government.is/news/ article/?newsid=39d0a25d-f139-11e7-9423-005056bc530c

Heilman, B., Cole, G., Matos, K., Hassink, A., Mincy, R. and Barker, G. (2016) State of America’s fathers: A MenCare advocacy publication: Executive summary, Washington, DC: MenCare Campaign and Promundo.

International Labour Office (2011) A new era of social justice: Report of the Director- General, 0074-6681, Geneva: International Labour Office.

Levtov, R., Gaag, N., Greene, M., Kaufman, M. and Barker, G. (2015) State of the world’s fathers: A MenCare advocacy publication, Washington, DC: Promundo, Rutgers, Save the Children, Sonke Gender Justice and MenEngage Alliance.

United Nations (2015) Sustainable Development Goal 5, Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg5#targets

World Bank (2015) Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, female % of 24 hour day, World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SG.TIM. UWRK.FE?view=map

FOR RELEASE APRIL 30, 2020

BY Juliana Horowitz and Janell Fetterolf

FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES:

Juliana Horowitz, Associate Director, Research Tanya Arditi, Communications Manager

202.419.4372

www.pewresearch.org

RECOMMENDED CITATION

Pew Research Center, April, 2020, “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

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About Pew Research Center

Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. It does not take policy positions. The Center conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, content analysis and other data-driven social science research. It studies U.S. politics and policy; journalism and media; internet, science and technology; religion and public life; Hispanic trends; global attitudes and trends; and U.S. social and demographic trends. All of the Center’s reports are available at www.pewresearch.org. Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts, its primary funder.

© Pew Research Center 2020

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How we did this

This report explores cross-national perceptions of gender equality, including the opportunities available to men and women and the power they wield in family decisions. It also examines expectations for the future of gender equality across countries.

For this report, we used data from a survey conducted across 34 countries from May 13 to Oct. 2, 2019, totaling 38,426 respondents. The surveys were conducted face-to-face across Africa, Latin America and the Middle East, and on the phone in United States and Canada. In the Asia-Pacific region, face-to-face surveys were conducted in India, Indonesia and the Philippines, while phone surveys were administered in Australia, Japan and South Korea. Across Europe, the survey was conducted over the phone in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the UK, but face-to-face in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Slovakia and Ukraine.

Here are the questions used for the report, along with responses, and the survey methodology.

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Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men

Most say gender equality in their country is very important

Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q55c. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

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Twenty-five years after the United Nations’ Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action pledged to take the necessary steps to “remove all obstacles to gender equality and the advancement and empowerment of women,” support for gender equality is strong around the globe. Across 34 countries surveyed by Pew Research Center, a median of 94% think it is important for women in their country to have the same rights as men, with 74% saying this is very important.

In many countries, women place more importance on gender equality than men do. However, women are less optimistic than men that women in their countries will achieve equality in the future, and they are more likely to say men have better lives than women.

While publics around the world embrace the idea of gender equality, at least four- in-ten think men generally have more opportunities than women in their country when it comes to getting high-paying jobs (a median of 54% across the 34 countries surveyed) and being leaders in their community (44%). Publics see more equity in access to a good education – a median of 81% believe men and women in their country generally have the same opportunities in this area – and expressing their political views (63% say men and women have the same opportunities). No more than 6% say women have more opportunities than men in any of these realms.

Majorities in most European countries surveyed, as well as in Japan, South Korea, Israel, Australia, Canada and the United States, say men in their country have more opportunities than women when it comes to getting high-paying jobs. When it comes to

Many think men have more opportunities than women when it comes to getting high-paying jobs % who say ___ when it comes to …

Note: Percentages are medians based on 34 countries. Don’t know responses not shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q65a-d. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

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being leaders in their communities, more than half in Nigeria, South Korea, Japan, Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, Italy, Tunisia, Greece, France and Slovakia think men in their country have more opportunities than women.

Despite widespread support for gender equality around the world, a notable share (a median of 40% across the countries surveyed) thinks men should have more right to a job than women when jobs are scarce; 56% disagree with this notion. In some countries, men are more likely than women to say men should have preferential treatment when jobs are scarce, with double-digit gender differences in Kenya, Nigeria, Bulgaria, South Africa, Israel, Slovakia, Italy, Argentina and the Czech Republic.

When asked who has a better life in their country, a 46% median across the 34 countries surveyed say men do, while 15% point to women and 31% volunteer that neither men nor women have a better life. Majorities in France, Spain, Sweden, the UK, Canada, the U.S., Turkey, Australia and the Netherlands think men have a better life than women in their country. Tunisia is the only country surveyed where more say women have a better life than say men do, although similar shares say women have a better life as say both men and women enjoy the same quality of life.

In most of the 34 countries surveyed, women are more likely than men to say men have a better life in their country. Gender differences are particularly large on this question in Greece (women are 27 percentage points more likely to say this), Slovakia (25 points), Italy (25), Canada (20), Brazil (20), Hungary (19) and Turkey (18).

The shares saying that men have a better life than women in their country have increased considerably since 2010 in many of the countries where trends are available – possibly as a result of increased awareness of gender issues spurred by the #MeToo Movement – with differences of at least 20 percentage points in Turkey, the UK, South Korea and Japan. Poland is the only country surveyed in both

More people now say men have a better life than women in their country % who say men have a better life than women in their country

2010 2019 Change % % Turkey 33 57 +24 UK 39 61 +22 South Korea 26 47 +21 Japan 29 49 +20 Spain 45 64 +19 Indonesia 29 48 +19 U.S. 39 57 +18 Argentina 27 39 +12 Mexico 27 39 +12 Brazil 42 52 +10 Kenya 36 42 +6 Poland 55 35 -20

Note: Only statistically significant differences shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q59. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

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years where a smaller share now says men have a better life than did so in 2010.

Despite seeing some advantages for men, most people express optimism about the future of gender equality in their country. A median of 75% across the 34 countries surveyed think it is likely that women in their country will eventually have the same rights as men, and 5% volunteer that women in their country have already achieved equality.

Men tend to be more optimistic than women about prospects for gender equality, with gender differences of at least 10 percentage points in 10 countries and smaller but significant differences in 11 others. For example, 77% of men in Japan – compared with 58% of women – say it’s likely that women in their country will eventually attain or already have the same rights as men. Nigeria and the Philippines are the only countries surveyed where a larger share of women than men are optimistic about gender equality.

Women less optimistic than men about gender equality in their country % of __ who say either it is likely that women in their country will eventually have the same rights as men or women already have the same rights as men

Note: Only statistically significant differences shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q60. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

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When it comes to family life, the sense is that men and women have about the same influence in making important decisions in their households. A 34-country median of 55% say both have roughly equal influence when it comes to important decisions about household finances, 56% say this about how to raise children and 62% say this of decisions about a family’s religious practices. To the extent that people see a difference, however, men are generally seen as having more of an influence than women when it comes to decisions about household finances, while women are generally seen as having more influence when it comes to decisions about raising children.

In nearly every country surveyed, majorities say that a marriage where both the husband and wife have jobs and take care of the home is more satisfying than one where the husband provides for the family and the wife takes care of the house and children. Even so, sizable shares in many countries say a more traditional marriage would be preferable, including about four-in-ten in India, Indonesia, Lebanon, Turkey and Tunisia.

These are among the major findings from a Pew Research Center survey conducted among 38,426 people in 34 countries from May 13 to Oct. 2, 2019.

Majorities think men and women have about the same influence in making important family decisions % who say that, in a family, ___ when it comes to making important decisions about …

Note: Percentages are medians based on 34 countries. Don’t know responses not shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q64a-c. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

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Most people agree it is important for women to have the same rights as men in their country. Across the 34 countries surveyed, a median of 94% hold this view, including nearly all in Sweden, the Netherlands, France, the U.S., Canada, Germany, Greece, Spain, Australia, Argentina, the UK and Hungary.

In addition, majorities in 30 nations say it is very important that men and women have the same rights in their country. The share who endorse this stronger sentiment varies across countries, however.

In Sweden, the most egalitarian country included in the survey based on indices from the World Economic Forum and the United Nations Development Program, 96% believe gender equality is very important. By comparison, substantially smaller shares hold this view in Tunisia (44%) and Nigeria (43%), two countries with relatively higher levels of gender inequality.

Most agree that gender equality is important % who say it is __ that women have the same rights as men in their country

Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q55c. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

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93% 91

96 92 92

90 90

85 85 84

74 73

70 69

67 62

57 54

91 80

72 63

61 56

74 72

64 44

67 52

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91 88

80

74

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21 21 23 26

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22 36

19 19 28

24

14 19

26

7 7

16

18

98% 98

99 99 97 99 98 98 97 98 95 94 93 95 91 88

88 89

98 94 89 88 83 92

93 91 92 68

81 71 69

98 95 96

94

Canada U.S.

Sweden Netherlands

UK France

Germany Greece

Hungary Spain

Italy Bulgaria

Czech Rep. Poland

Slovakia Lithuania

Ukraine Russia

Australia Philippines

India Japan

Indonesia South Korea

Turkey Lebanon

Israel Tunisia

South Africa Kenya

Nigeria

Argentina Brazil

Mexico

Very important Somewhat important Total

34-COUNTRY MEDIAN

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Strong support for gender equality is also relatively less common in Kenya, Russia, South Korea and Ukraine.

Within each country, views of equality often differ by gender. In 20 nations, women are more likely than men to say gender equality is very important. This gender difference is largest in Kenya and Nigeria, where relatively small shares overall view equal rights as very important. More than half of women in Nigeria (54%) think gender equality is very important, compared with only 31% of men. And while 64% of Kenyan women say gender equality is very important, just 40% of Kenyan men express the same view. In many countries where overwhelming majorities endorse equality, men and women do not differ in their views.

The U.S. is the only country where men are more likely than women to say it is very important for men and women to have the same rights. But while the difference is statistically significant, it is fairly small: 93% of men hold this view, compared with 89% of women.

Educational attainment is also related to views of gender equality. In 26 countries, those with more education are more likely than those with less to believe it is very important for women to have the same rights as men.1 The largest differences are in Lithuania and the Czech Republic. Three-quarters or more of those with

1 For the purpose of comparing educational groups across countries, we standardize education levels based on the UN’s International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). The lower education category is below secondary education and the higher category is secondary or above in Brazil, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, the Philippines, South Africa, Tunisia and Ukraine. In all other countries, the lower education category is secondary education or below and the higher category is postsecondary or above.

Larger shares of women than men say gender equality is very important in many countries % of __ who say it is very important that women have the same rights as men in their country

Note: Only statistically significant differences shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q55c. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

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more education in Lithuania (76%) and the Czech Republic (87%) hold this view, compared with 54% of Lithuanians and 66% of Czechs with less education. There are also educational differences of 10 percentage points or more in Italy, Bulgaria, South Korea, Mexico, the Philippines, Ukraine, Spain, Poland and Nigeria.

11

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In addition to viewing gender equality as important, most people are optimistic that women will eventually have the same rights as men in their country. Majorities in 30 of the 34 countries surveyed hold this view, including roughly 90% in the Netherlands, India, the Philippines and Mexico.

In the U.S., 75% believe gender equality is likely. An additional 14% volunteer the response that women already have the same rights as men. One-in-ten or more in most Central and Eastern European nations, as well as Ukraine, Greece, Italy, Russia, Israel and Tunisia, agree that women and men already have equal rights.

Despite widespread optimism globally, substantive shares in some of the countries surveyed say it is unlikely that women will eventually have the same rights as men in their country. About a quarter or more in Nigeria, Japan, Kenya, Turkey,

Majorities in most nations see gender equality as likely in their country % who say it is __ that women in their country will eventually have the same rights as men

Note: Don’t know responses not shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q60. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

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Israel, Tunisia, Spain and Hungary are pessimistic about the prospects for gender equality in their country.

Across many countries, women are less optimistic than men about the likelihood of attaining gender equality. For example, 77% of men in Japan think either men and women already have equal rights or that it is likely they will in the future, compared with 58% of Japanese women. Similar gender differences can be found in 20 other countries, including roughly 15 percentage point differences in Spain, South Korea, France, Italy and Brazil.

Nigeria and the Philippines are the only publics that show the opposite pattern: Larger shares of women than men say gender equality is likely. Half of men in Nigeria express this view, compared with 68% of women.

Women less optimistic than men about gender equality in their country % of __ who say either it is likely that women in their country will eventually have the same rights as men or women already have the same rights as men

Note: Only statistically significant differences shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q60. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

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Across the 34 countries surveyed, a median of 56% disagree with the notion that men should have more right to a job than women when jobs are scarce; 40% agree that men should receive preferential treatment in this situation.

In nearly all North American, Western European and Latin American countries surveyed – as well as in Australia, Lithuania, Hungary, Israel, the Czech Republic and Japan – majorities reject the idea that men should have more right to a job than women in tough economic times, as do pluralities in Poland and Bulgaria. This is particularly the case in Sweden, Canada, Spain, the Netherlands, the U.S., the UK, Australia, France and Germany, where roughly eight-in-ten or more disagree that men deserve preferential treatment when jobs are scarce.

In contrast, majorities in the African countries surveyed, as well as in India, the Philippines, Indonesia, Turkey and Lebanon, agree that men should have more right to a job than women when jobs are scarce. Roughly eight-in-ten say this in Tunisia and India.

Views on this remain virtually unchanged in most of the countries where the question has been previously asked (most recently in 2012 in Lebanon, Turkey and Tunisia and in 2010 in 15 other countries). Publics are now more likely to agree that men should have preferential

Views differ across globe on whether men should have more right to a job than women when jobs are scarce % who __ that, when jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women

Note: Don’t know responses not shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q62. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

PEW RESEARCH CENTER

85% 88

37 53 51

54 57 58

61 64

78 78

84 86 88

92

52 47

16 24 21

46 55

83

18 28

37 61

28 40 42

58 60

64

56

13% 11

59 46

42 40 40

37 35

28 22 20

14 14 12

7

45 43

79 75 73

52 43

15

81 70

61 36

70 58 57

39 37

34

40

U.S. Canada

Slovakia Greece Poland

Bulgaria Italy

Czech Rep. Hungary

Lithuania France

Germany UK

Netherlands Spain

Sweden

Russia Ukraine

India Philippines Indonesia

South Korea Japan

Australia

Tunisia Turkey

Lebanon Israel

Nigeria Kenya

South Africa

Mexico Argentina

Brazil

MEDIAN

Disagree Agree

34-COUNTRY MEDIAN

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treatment when jobs are scarce in Kenya (12 percentage points higher), Lebanon (+11 points) and Mexico (+11 points). Meanwhile, the shares saying men should have more right to a job in tough economic times have dropped in South Korea (8 percentage points less likely), Nigeria (-7 points) and Argentina (-6 points).

Across 30 of the 34 countries surveyed, those with less education are more likely to believe men should have more right to a job than women when jobs are scarce. For example, majorities of six- in-ten or more among those with less education in Turkey, Lebanon, Kenya, Slovakia, South Africa and South Korea agree, compared with roughly half or fewer of those with more education in these countries.

Income is also related to views on this. In most countries surveyed, those with lower incomes – equivalent to the median for their country or less – are more likely than those with higher incomes to say men should have more right to a job during tough economic times. In the U.S., Australia and much of Western Europe, those with lower incomes are at least twice as likely as those with higher incomes to believe men should receive preferential treatment when jobs are scarce. Still, only about a quarter or fewer across income groups in each of these countries say this.

In some countries, men are more likely than women to agree that men deserve preferential treatment when jobs are scarce, with double- digit differences in Kenya, Nigeria, Bulgaria, South Africa, Israel, Slovakia, Italy, Argentina and the Czech Republic.

There are also double-digit differences between the oldest and youngest age groups in South Korea, Brazil, Italy, Greece, Argentina, Poland, Lebanon, the Philippines, Israel, Australia, France and Spain: In each of these countries, adults ages 50 and older are more likely than those ages 18 to 29 to agree that men should have more right to a job during tough economic times.

In some countries, men are more likely than women to agree that men should have more right to a job in hard times % of __ who agree that, when jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women

Note: Only statistically significant differences shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q62. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

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Though many people expect that their country will become more egalitarian in time, a median of 46% across the 34 countries surveyed say that, all things considered, men have a better life than women in their country.

Majorities in France, Spain, Sweden, the UK, Canada, the U.S., Turkey, Australia and the Netherlands say men have a better life than women in their country. Pluralities in many other countries express the same view.

The volunteered response that neither gender has a better life than the other is common in many countries, especially in Central and Eastern Europe. Roughly half or more provide this response in Ukraine, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary and Lithuania.

A third or more in Tunisia, Kenya, South Korea and South Africa believe, all things considered, women have a better life than men. Tunisia is the only country surveyed where a larger share say women are better off (37%) than say men are (24%).

This question was last asked in a subset of countries in 2010. In many of these countries, the share who believe men have a better life than women has increased substantially. The largest change is in Turkey. Roughly one-third of people in Turkey said men had a better life than women in 2010, compared with 57% in 2019.

Few think women have a better life than men % who say __ have a better life in their country

Note: Don’t know responses not shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q59. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

PEW RESEARCH CENTER

70% 64

62 61

59 57 57 56 56

52 52

50 49 48 47 47 46 46 45

42 42 41 40 39 39

36 35 34 34

30 26

24 22 21

46

15% 23

22 22

20 22

17 22 21 33

25 35

15 25

35 14

37 28

43 46

21 22

32 37

30 52 56

45 43

45 48

38 65

64

31

9% 11

8 12

14 15 23 15 18

12 15

11 25

16 13

35 13

22 6 9

35 33

26 17

19 7 6

20 21

13 9 37

6 10

15

France Spain

Sweden UK

Canada U.S.

Turkey Australia

Netherlands Israel Brazil

Germany Japan

Indonesia Lebanon

South Korea Slovakia

Nigeria Czech Rep.

Italy Kenya

South Africa Philippines

Mexico Argentina

Hungary Poland

India Greece Russia

Lithuania Tunisia Ukraine Bulgaria

Men Same (VOL) Women

34-COUNTRY MEDIAN

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Increases of roughly 20 percentage points or more can also be seen in the UK, South Korea, Japan, Spain, Indonesia and the U.S. Smaller increases can be seen in Argentina, Mexico, Brazil and Kenya. Poland is the only country where this share has decreased since 2010, from 55% to 35% in 2019.

As with other questions related to gender equality, men and women tend to hold different views. In 23 of the 34 countries surveyed, women are more likely than men to believe that men have a better life in their country. In Greece, almost half of women hold this view, compared with only 20% of men. Differences of 20 percentage points or more can also be seen in Slovakia, Italy, Canada and Brazil.

Nigeria stands out again for showing the opposite pattern. Men (51%) are more likely than women (42%) to say that men are better off in their country. Indonesia shows a similar pattern.

Women more likely to see men as having a better life % of __ who say men have a better life than women in their country

Note: All differences shown are statistically significant. In Russia, men were significantly less likely than women to answer the question. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q59. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

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Majorities or pluralities in 22 of the 34 countries surveyed say men generally have more opportunities for high-paying jobs than women, including about two-thirds or more in Sweden, France, Japan, South Korea, Israel, Spain, the UK, Australia and Canada. More than four-in-ten in Greece, Nigeria, Russia, Lebanon and Argentina also think men in their country have more opportunities when it comes to getting high-paying jobs, but similar shares think opportunities are generally the same for men and women.

In the Philippines, Indonesia, India, South Africa, Kenya and Mexico, majorities say men and women have similar opportunities when it comes to getting high-paying jobs; half in Tunisia share this view.

Across most of the countries surveyed, women are significantly more likely than men to say men in their country have more opportunities when it comes to getting high-paying jobs. About two-thirds of women in the U.S. (66%) believe men in their country have more opportunities for high-paying jobs, compared with about half of men in the U.S. (53%). And while majorities of men and women in Canada say men have more opportunities in this area, women are far more likely to say this is the case (77% vs. 55%, respectively). This pattern is

Many see more opportunities for men in getting high-paying jobs % who say __ in their country when it comes to getting high-paying jobs

Note: Don’t know responses not shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q65c. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

PEW RESEARCH CENTER

66% 60

79 77

70 69

63 62 62 61 60

57 54 54

52 48

51 46

75 75

69 28

22 17

72 49

45 30

47 32 31

52 45

36

54

31% 38

19 21

29 29

34 34 32 35 37

39 35 36 44

48

41 47

23 24

29 62

68 77

23 29

47 50

42 57 57

38 46

56

38

2% 2

1 1 1 2 2

4 5

1 2 1

7 7

2 2

3 3

1 1 1

7 4

6

3 17

6 19

11 9

10

8 6 6

3

Canada U.S.

Sweden France Spain

UK Italy

Netherlands Slovakia

Czech Rep. Germany Hungary

Lithuania Poland

Bulgaria Greece

Ukraine Russia

Japan South Korea

Australia India

Indonesia Philippines

Israel Turkey

Lebanon Tunisia

Nigeria South Africa

Kenya

Brazil Argentina

Mexico

Men have more opportunities

About the same

Women have more opportunities

34-COUNTRY MEDIAN

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evident in nearly every European country surveyed (Greece and Lithuania are the exception), as well as in Australia, Ukraine, Brazil, South Korea, Russia, Argentina and Japan.

When it comes to opportunities to be leaders in their community, majorities in Nigeria, South Korea, Japan, Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, Italy, Tunisia, Greece and France say men in their country have more opportunities than women; about half in Slovakia say the same.

Even in many countries where majorities or pluralities believe men and women in their country generally have the same opportunities to be leaders in their community, sizable shares say men have more opportunities than women. For example, about four-in-ten or more in Spain, Canada, the U.S., Brazil, South Africa, India, Russia and Australia say this is the case in their country.

For the most part, men and women offer similar views on this. But to the extent that there is a difference, women tend to be more likely than men to see an advantage for men in getting opportunities to be leaders in their community. The exception is Kenya, where men (53%) are more likely than women (43%) to say men have more opportunities to be leaders in their community.

Men seen as having more opportunities to be leaders in their community % who say __ in their country when it comes to being leaders in their community

Note: Don’t know responses not shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q65a. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

PEW RESEARCH CENTER

43% 40

59 57

55 53

48 47 47

45 44

42 39

36 32

29

39 38

72 66

39 38

36 20

66 65

61 58

79 48

39

39 29 28

44

54% 55

36 41

41 39 47 49 52

52 55

46 47

59 55

53

45 50

22 32

51 57

54 74

23 31

35 32

17 46

49

50 64 64

49

3% 4

2 1 3

6 2 1 1 2 1

2 10

3 2

9

5 4

6 2

7 4

3 5

7 3 3

5

3 5

9

6 4 7

4

Canada U.S.

Italy Greece France

Slovakia Sweden Hungary

Netherlands UK

Spain Bulgaria

Poland Germany

Czech Rep. Lithuania

Ukraine Russia

South Korea Japan India

Australia Indonesia

Philippines

Turkey Israel

Lebanon Tunisia

Nigeria Kenya

South Africa

Brazil Argentina

Mexico

Men have more opportunities

About the same

Women have more opportunities

34-COUNTRY MEDIAN

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In 30 of the 34 countries surveyed, majorities or pluralities think men and women in their country have about the same opportunities when it comes to expressing their political views. About half in Japan also believe this, but an identical share says men have more opportunities than women.

More than six-in-ten Nigerians (64%) say men in their country have more opportunities than women when it comes to expressing their political views, as do 55% in South Korea and 53% in Turkey. Even in countries where majorities or pluralities believe men and women have about the same opportunities in this area, the shares saying men have more opportunities than women exceed the shares saying women have more opportunities by at least 10 percentage points.

Opinions on this generally do not vary significantly by gender, but in nine countries, women are far more likely than men to say men in their country have more opportunities to express their political views. For example, in South Korea, a majority of women (60%) think men in their country have more opportunities to express their political views, compared with 49% of South Korean men.

Gender gaps are also evident in the Netherlands (41% of women vs. 28% of men say men have

In most countries, men and women seen as having similar opportunities to express political views % who say __ in their country when it comes to expressing their political views

Note: Don’t know responses not shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q65d. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

PEW RESEARCH CENTER

32% 29

40 35

33 31 30 30 29

27 27 27 26

23 21 21

36 23

55 48

37 29

19 17

53 42

40 38

64 40

32

40 27 26

31

63% 67

57 63

60 66 66 67

63 71 69

55 73

75 71 74

55 70

42 48

54 67

71 78

37 54 57

51

33 53

57

54 68 69

63

4% 4

2 2

5 2

1 2

5 2 3

9 0 2

1 2

2 3

3 3

4 3

2 4

7 3 2

7

2 6

8

3 3 4

3

U.S. Canada

France Netherlands

Slovakia UK

Hungary Italy

Poland Spain

Germany Lithuania

Greece Sweden Bulgaria

Czech Rep.

Russia Ukraine

South Korea Japan India

Australia Indonesia

Philippines

Turkey Israel

Lebanon Tunisia

Nigeria Kenya

South Africa

Brazil Argentina

Mexico

Men have more opportunities

About the same

Women have more opportunities

34-COUNTRY MEDIAN

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more opportunities), Australia (36% vs. 23%), Spain (34% vs. 21%), Canada (34% vs. 23%), France (45% vs. 35%), the UK (36% vs. 27%), the U.S. (36% vs. 28%) and the Czech Republic (24% vs. 17%).

Kenya is the only country surveyed where men are more likely than women to say men in their country have more opportunities to express their political views. More than four-in-ten Kenyan men (45%) say this, compared with 35% of Kenyan women.

When it comes to getting a good education, majorities in all but one country surveyed – ranging from 64% in Brazil to 91% in Greece – say men and women in their country have about the same opportunities. About half say the same in Turkey.

One-third of the public in Turkey and about one-in-five in Nigeria, Israel, France, Slovakia, Brazil, Japan and South Korea think men in their country have more opportunities than women when it comes to getting a good education; smaller shares in these countries think women have more opportunities than men.

Tunisia is the only country surveyed where a significantly larger share says women have more opportunities than men to get a good education than say men have more opportunities than women. About a quarter of Tunisians (24%) see women as having more opportunities in this area, compared with 6%

Most see gender parity in opportunities for getting a good education % who say __ in their country when it comes to getting a good education

Note: Don’t know responses not shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q65b. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

PEW RESEARCH CENTER

14% 7

20 20

17 13 13 11

11 11

10 8 7 7

6 5

9 7

19 19

12 10 8 7

33 21

6 5

22 11 7

20 12 7

11

76% 88

74 71 78

71 75

86 83 85

80 85 88 88 91

87

81 86

76 75

76 84 86 86

52 65

70 83

69 78

77

64 82

86

81

9% 5

5 8 5

10 10

3 4 4

9 5

2 2 3

8

6 4

4 5

10 5

2 6

13 13 24 12

8 10 14

12 5 6

6

U.S. Canada

France Slovakia

UK Lithuania

Poland Spain

Italy Germany Sweden Bulgaria

Czech Rep. Hungary Greece

Netherlands

Russia Ukraine

Japan South Korea

India Australia

Indonesia Philippines

Turkey Israel

Tunisia Lebanon

Nigeria Kenya

South Africa

Brazil Mexico

Argentina

Men have more opportunities

About the same

Women have more opportunities

34-COUNTRY MEDIAN

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who say men do; 70% believe men and women have about the same opportunities to get a good education.

With the exception of Turkey, majorities of men and women across the countries surveyed believe both genders have about the same opportunities when it comes to getting a good education. And for the most part, differences in how men and women see this are modest at best.

Across the 34 countries surveyed, a median of 55% say that, in a family, men and women have about the same influence when it comes to making important decisions about household finances; 23% say men generally have more influence and 15% say women do.

To the extent that people see one gender having more influence when it comes to making important decisions about household finances, men are generally seen as having more influence than women. In 16 of the 34 countries surveyed, more say men have more influence than say women do by a margin of at least 10 percentage points. The gap is particularly wide in Nigeria, where 61% say men generally have more influence in this area (compared with 10% who say women do), Turkey (54% vs. 11%), Israel (44% vs. 11%), Lebanon (40% vs. 10%) and Sweden (37% vs. 9%). In each of these

In many countries, sizable shares say men have more influence than women in decisions about household finances % who say that, in a family, __ when it comes to making important decisions about household finances

Note: Don’t know responses not shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q64a. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

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23% 22

41 37 37

34 30

25 25

22 22 22 21

19 18 17

25 21

34 23 22

19 16

12

54 44

40 37

61 33

22

24 18

14

23

63% 64

37 37

54 46 59

61 62

49 52 56

64 61

72 62

48 53

52 53

62 62

54 68

34 44

49 47

29 51

56

56 71

65

55

13% 11

18 24

9 18

10 13 11

28 25 20

14 18

9 21

21 22

13 24

15 14

29 19

11 11 10

15

10 15

20

19 10

19

15

U.S. Canada

Lithuania Slovakia Sweden

Czech Rep. Italy UK

Bulgaria Poland Greece

Hungary Germany

France Spain

Netherlands

Ukraine Russia

India South Korea

Australia Indonesia

Japan Philippines

Turkey Israel

Lebanon Tunisia

Nigeria Kenya

South Africa

Brazil Mexico

Argentina

Men have more influence

About the same

Women have more influence

34-COUNTRY MEDIAN

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countries, people are at least four times as likely to say men have more influence as they are to say women do.

Among European publics, majorities or pluralities in 12 of 14 countries surveyed say men and women generally have about the same influence in making important decisions about household finances. The only two European countries surveyed where this is not the case are Lithuania and Slovakia, where similar or equal shares say both genders have about the same influence as say men have more influence in this area.

Majorities in the three Latin American countries surveyed – Mexico, Argentina and Brazil – say men and women have about the same influence in making important decisions about household finances. This is also the case in the Philippines, Canada, the U.S., Australia, Indonesia and South Africa.

Japan is the only country where the share saying women have more influence when it comes to making important decisions about household finances is significantly larger than the share saying men do (29% vs. 16%). Still, 54% in Japan say men and women generally have about the same influence.

In most of the countries surveyed, men and women have similar views on this question, but where differences emerge, men are typically more likely than women to say men in their country have more influence when it comes to important decisions about household finances, while women are more likely to say either women do or that both are about equal. For example, 61% of men in Turkey (vs. 48% of women) say men in their country have more influence than women. The UK is the only country surveyed where women are more likely than men to say men have more influence when it comes to making important decisions about household finances.

Larger shares of men than women say men have more influence in decisions about household finances % of __ who say that, in a family, men generally have more influence when it comes to making important decisions about household finances

Note: All differences shown are statistically significant. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q64a. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

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When it comes to who in a family has more influence when it comes to making important decisions about how to raise children, a median of 56% across the 34 countries surveyed say men and women have about the same influence; 39% say women have more influence and just 6% say men do.

Majorities in 18 of the 34 countries surveyed say that, in a family, men and women have about the same influence when it comes to making important decisions about how to raise children. Still, in nearly every country, far larger shares say women have more influence in this area than say men do. And in seven of the 34 countries – Lithuania, Greece, Lebanon, Slovakia, Israel, the Czech Republic and Turkey – majorities or pluralities say women in their country have more influence than men in making important decisions about raising children.

Men and women generally agree in their assessments of who has more influence when it comes to decisions about how to raise children, but there are exceptions. For example, in Brazil, women (43%) are more likely than men (34%) to say women in their country have more influence in making important decisions in this area; in turn, Brazilian men (61%) are more likely then Brazilian women (52%) to say both have about the same influence.

When it comes to decisions about child rearing, many say women have more influence than men % who say that, in a family, __ when it comes to making important decisions about how to raise children

Note: Don’t know responses not shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q64b. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

PEW RESEARCH CENTER

4% 3

11 8 7 7 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2

7 6

8 6 6 6 5 4

13 12 7

3

15 11 8

6 4 3

6

57% 58

33 40

31 45

56 59 59

80 56 60

48 59

40 60

52 48

73 46

52 80

55 58

38 34 47

40

48 60

51

72 56

71

56

37% 37

55 50

59 47

39 35 35

15 40 35

46 38

58 37

39 45

15 48

41 14

38 37

49 54

46 57

37 29

40

21 39

25

39

U.S. Canada

Slovakia Czech Rep.

Lithuania Poland

Italy France

Sweden Spain

UK Bulgaria Hungary

Netherlands Greece

Germany

Russia Ukraine

Indonesia South Korea

India Philippines

Japan Australia

Turkey Israel

Tunisia Lebanon

Nigeria Kenya

South Africa

Mexico Brazil

Argentina

Men have more influence

About the same

Women have more influence

34-COUNTRY MEDIAN

24

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Across the 34 countries surveyed, a median of 62% say that, in a family, men and women generally have about the same influence when it comes to making important decisions about their family’s religious practices; 18% say women have more influence, while 14% say men do.

Across most of the countries surveyed, majorities or pluralities say men and women have about the same influence when it comes to making important decisions about their family’s religious practices. There are a few exceptions to this pattern. In Sweden, Israel and Nigeria, similar shares say men and women have about the same influence as say men have more influence than women in this area. And in Lithuania, 37% say men and women have the same influence and 41% say women have more influence.

In Israel, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa, men are more likely than women to say that men in their country have more influence when it comes to making important decisions about their family’s religious practices. About half of men in Israel (51%) and Nigeria (49%) say this, compared with 38% of Israeli women and 36% of Nigerian women. And while about three-in- ten South African (28%) and Kenyan (31%) men say men in their country have more

Most see gender parity when it comes to making decisions about religion % who say that, in a family, ___ when it comes to making important decisions about their family’s religious practices

Note: Don’t know responses not shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q64c. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

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17% 14

45 29

23 20

15 13

10 10 9 8 8 8

5 4

13 9

22 18 17

14 12 8

44 20 19

16

43 25 24

6 5 4

14

63% 64

45 63

65 66

44 69

53 76

37 53

61 64

61 54

57 54

70 67 67

57 80

64

42 65

51 70

45 52 53

74 56

70

62

14% 19

3 6

7 10

36 10

15 10

41 34 21

24 22 41

17 27

4 10 10

28 7

26

10 13

28 14

12 21 20

18 36

23

18

Canada U.S.

Sweden Netherlands

UK France

Slovakia Germany

Czech Rep. Spain

Lithuania Poland

Hungary Italy

Bulgaria Greece

Russia Ukraine

Indonesia Australia

Japan India

Philippines South Korea

Israel Tunisia Turkey

Lebanon

Nigeria Kenya

South Africa

Mexico Brazil

Argentina

Men have more influence

About the same

Women have more influence

34-COUNTRY MEDIAN

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influence over important decisions about their family’s religious practices, two-in-ten women in each of those countries say the same.

In turn, women in Brazil, South Korea, Nigeria, Russia, France and Lebanon are more likely than their male counterparts to say women have more influence in making important decisions about their family’s religious practices. The gender difference is largest in Brazil, where 42% of women – vs. 29% of men – hold this view.

A median of 72% across the 34 countries surveyed say a marriage where both the husband and wife have jobs and take care of the house and children is a more satisfying way of life than one where the husband provides for the family and the wife takes care of the house and children. The shares saying that a more egalitarian marriage is better are lowest in Lithuania, Tunisia and Indonesia.

Publics in Sweden, France and Spain are the most likely to say an egalitarian marriage is preferable to one where the husband provides for the family and the wife takes care of the house and children. This view is also widespread in Brazil, Germany, the Netherlands, Greece, Kenya, Bulgaria, the UK, South Korea, Italy and Argentina, where at least three-quarters say the same.

Majorities across the globe prefer an egalitarian marriage % who see a marriage where ___ as a more satisfying way of life

Note: Volunteered “other,” “neither” and don’t know responses not shown. Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q61. “Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as Many See Advantages for Men”

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15% 21

3 7 7 15 19 23 16 17 22

25 27 29

34 33

29 28

21 19 23

32 40

46

29 39 37

49

20 22

33

17 23 22

23

74% 68

93 91 90

79 78 77 76 76 75

71 69 67

60 53

68 60

76 72

69 66

58 49

66 59 57

50

77 73

67

80 75 74

72

Canada U.S.

Sweden France Spain

Germany Netherlands

Greece Bulgaria

UK Italy

Hungary Poland

Slovakia Czech Rep.

Lithuania

Russia Ukraine

South Korea Japan

Australia Philippines

India Indonesia

Israel Lebanon

Turkey Tunisia

Kenya South Africa

Nigeria

Brazil Argentina

Mexico

MEDIAN

The husband provides for family and the wife takes

care of home and children

34-COUNTRY MEDIAN

The husband and wife both work and take care of home and children

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In Tunisia and Indonesia, views on the more satisfying type of marriage are split. About half in each country prefer a marriage where the husband and wife both have jobs and take care of the house, while similar shares prefer a marriage with more traditional gender roles.

Even in some countries where majorities or pluralities prefer an egalitarian marriage, substantial shares say a marriage where the husband provides for the family and the wife takes care of the house and family would be more satisfying. For example, a third or more in India, Lebanon, Turkey, the Czech Republic, Nigeria and Lithuania say a more traditional marriage would be preferable.

Views on this vary somewhat by gender, but the differences tend to be relatively small, even in some countries where they are statistically different. In Poland, Turkey and Argentina, women are more likely than men to prefer an egalitarian marriage by a double-digit margin (10 percentage points in Poland, 11 points in Turkey and 12 points in Argentina).

Opinions vary more widely across educational attainment. Those with more education more likely to prefer a marriage where both the husband and wife have jobs and take care of the house and children in most of the countries surveyed. In fact, in 17 countries, those with more education are more likely to say this by 10 or more points, including difference of at least 20 points in Turkey (25 points more likely), Lebanon (21 points) and Brazil (20 points).

Age is also linked to views on what type of marriage is preferable in about half of the countries surveyed, with people younger than 30 more likely than those ages 50 and older to say a marriage where both the husband and wife have jobs and take care of the house and children is the more satisfying way of life. The difference is particularly pronounced in Lithuania, where 71% of those younger than 30 prefer an egalitarian marriage, compared with 43% of those ages 50 and older. There are also double-digit age differences in the U.S., Canada, Italy, the UK, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Australia, South Korea, Lebanon, Tunisia, Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.

Preference for an egalitarian marriage has increased in three of the 16 countries where this question was also asked in 2010 (by 11 percentage points in South Korea, 8 points in Argentina and 6 points in Nigeria). In contrast, smaller shares now see an egalitarian marriage as preferable in Turkey, Indonesia, Russia and Germany. The steepest decline is in Turkey. About six-in-ten (57%) now say a marriage where both the husband and wife have jobs and take care of the house and children is the more satisfying way of life, compared with 72% a decade ago.

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Acknowledgments This report is a collaborative effort based on the input and analysis of the following individuals.

Juliana Horowitz, Associate Director, Research Janell Fetterolf, Research Associate Tanya Arditi, Communications Manager James Bell, Vice President, Global Strategy Alexandra Castillo, Research Associate Jeremiah Cha, Research Assistant Aidan Connaughton, Research Assistant Stefan S. Cornibert, Communications Manager Claudia Deane, Vice President, Research Kat Devlin, Research Associate Moira Fagan, Research Analyst Shannon Greenwood, Digital Producer Christine Huang, Research Analyst Michael Keegan, Senior Information Graphics Designer David Kent, Copy Editor Nicholas O. Kent, Research Assistant Colin Lahiff, Communications Associate Gar Meng Leong, Communications Associate Clark Letterman, Senior Researcher J.J. Moncus, Research Assistant Martha McRoy, Research Methodologist Mara Mordecai, Research Assistant Patrick Moynihan, Associate Director, International Research Methods Stacy Pancratz, Research Methodologist Kim Parker, Director, Social Trends Research Jacob Poushter, Associate Director, Global Attitudes Research Audrey Powers, Senior Operations Associate Shannon Schumacher, Research Associate Laura Silver, Senior Researcher Richard Wike, Director, Global Attitudes Research

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Methodology

About Pew Research Center’s Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey Results for the survey are based on telephone and face-to-face interviews conducted under the direction of Gallup and Abt Associates. The results are based on national samples, unless otherwise noted. More details about our international survey methodology and country-specific sample designs are available here.

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Topline questionnaire Pew Research Center

Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey April 30, 2020 Release

Methodological notes:

• Survey results are based on national samples. For further details on sample designs, see

Methodology section and our international survey methods database.

• Due to rounding, percentages may not total 100%. The topline “total” columns show 100%,

because they are based on unrounded numbers.

• Since 2007, Pew Research Center has used an automated process to generate toplines for

its Global Attitudes surveys. As a result, numbers may differ slightly from those published

prior to 2007.

• For some countries, trends for certain years are omitted due to differences in sample

design or population coverage. Omitted trends often reflect less representative samples

than more recent surveys in the same countries. Trends that are omitted include:

– India prior to Winter 2013-2014

– Brazil prior to 2010

– Nigeria prior to 2010

– Indonesia prior to 2005

• Not all questions included in the Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey are presented in this

topline. Omitted questions have either been previously released or will be released in

future reports.

Q55c. How important is it to have the following things in our country? Is it very important, somewhat important, not too important or not important at all? c. women have the same rights

as men

Very important

Somewhat important

Not too important

Not important at all DK/Refused Total

United States Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Canada Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

France Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Germany Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Greece Spring, 2019

Italy Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Netherlands Spring, 2019

Spain Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Sweden Spring, 2019

United Kingdom Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Bulgaria Spring, 2019

Czech Republic Spring, 2019

Hungary Spring, 2019

Spring, 2016

Lithuania Spring, 2019

Poland Spring, 2019

Spring, 2016

Spring, 2015

Slovakia Spring, 2019

Russia Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Ukraine Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Australia Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

India Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Indonesia Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Japan Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Philippines Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

South Korea Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Israel Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Lebanon Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Tunisia Spring, 2019

Turkey Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

91 7 0 1 0 100

91 7 1 0 0 100

93 5 0 1 1 100

94 4 1 1 1 100

90 9 0 1 0 100

83 13 2 1 0 100

90 8 2 1 0 100

92 7 1 0 0 100

85 13 2 0 0 100

74 21 2 2 1 100

82 13 3 1 1 100

92 7 1 0 0 100

84 14 1 1 0 100

88 11 1 0 0 100

96 3 0 0 0 100

92 5 1 2 0 100

92 6 1 0 1 100

73 21 4 0 1 100

70 23 4 1 2 100

85 12 2 0 0 100

77 18 2 2 1 100

62 26 6 2 4 100

69 26 3 1 1 100

69 27 3 0 1 100

64 30 4 1 2 100

67 24 7 1 0 100

54 35 6 3 2 100

58 33 6 1 1 100

57 31 7 2 2 100

57 30 8 2 3 100

91 7 1 0 0 100

92 7 1 1 0 100

72 17 4 3 3 100

71 20 3 2 3 100

61 22 9 3 5 100

44 34 15 3 4 100

63 25 8 2 1 100

60 30 7 1 2 100

80 14 4 2 0 100

59 33 8 0 0 100

56 36 6 2 1 100

64 31 3 1 1 100

64 28 6 2 1 100

69 22 7 1 0 100

72 19 5 3 0 100

75 18 5 1 0 100

44 24 18 12 2 100

74 19 4 2 1 100

48 23 12 10 6 100

52 19 15 12 0 100

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Q55c. How important is it to have the following things in our country? Is it very important, somewhat important, not too important or not important at all? c. women have the same rights

as men

Very important

Somewhat important

Not too important

Not important at all DK/Refused Total

Kenya Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Nigeria Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

South Africa Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Argentina Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Brazil Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

Mexico Spring, 2019

Spring, 2015

52 19 15 12 0 100

45 31 16 8 0 100

43 26 15 15 1 100

54 24 14 7 0 100

67 14 10 8 1 100

67 21 7 3 2 100

91 7 1 1 0 100

82 15 3 0 0 100

88 7 1 2 1 100

82 15 2 1 0 100

80 16 3 0 1 100

73 19 5 2 1 100

Q59. All things considered, who has a better life in this country – men or women?

Men Women Same (DO NOT

READ) DK/Refused Total

United States Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Canada Spring, 2019

France Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Spring, 1991

Germany Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Spring, 1991

Greece Spring, 2019

Italy Spring, 2019

Spring, 1991

Netherlands Spring, 2019

Spain Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Spring, 1991

Sweden Spring, 2019

United Kingdom Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Spring, 1991

Bulgaria Spring, 2019

Spring, 1991

Czech Republic Spring, 2019

Spring, 1991

Hungary Spring, 2019

Spring, 1991

Lithuania Spring, 2019

Spring, 1991

57 15 22 7 100

39 23 24 15 100

59 14 20 7 100

70 9 15 7 100

75 14 9 2 100

44 10 44 3 100

50 11 35 5 100

49 15 27 9 100

44 9 42 5 100

34 21 43 2 100

42 9 46 2 100

33 19 46 3 100

56 18 21 5 100

64 11 23 2 100

45 16 33 5 100

35 14 47 4 100

62 8 22 9 100

61 12 22 5 100

39 16 36 9 100

54 11 29 6 100

21 10 64 5 100

42 15 33 10 100

45 6 43 6 100

53 5 38 5 100

36 7 52 5 100

42 8 43 7 100

26 9 48 17 100

69 6 20 5 100

35 6 56 3 100

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Q59. All things considered, who has a better life in this country – men or women?

Men Women Same (DO NOT

READ) DK/Refused Total

Poland Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Spring, 1991

Slovakia Spring, 2019

Spring, 1991

Russia Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Spring, 1991

Ukraine Spring, 2019

Spring, 1991

Australia Spring, 2019

India Spring, 2019

Indonesia Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Japan Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Philippines Spring, 2019

South Korea Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Israel Spring, 2019

Lebanon Spring, 2019

Spring, 2012

Tunisia Spring, 2019

Spring, 2012

Turkey Spring, 2019

Spring, 2012

Spring, 2010

Kenya Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Nigeria Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

South Africa Spring, 2019

Argentina Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Brazil Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Mexico Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

35 6 56 3 100

55 15 25 6 100

48 6 41 5 100

46 13 37 3 100

53 5 38 4 100

30 13 45 11 100

29 14 52 5 100

64 7 21 9 100

22 6 65 6 100

73 6 16 5 100

56 15 22 7 100

34 20 45 2 100

48 16 25 11 100

29 15 55 1 100

49 25 15 11 100

29 47 20 5 100

40 26 32 1 100

47 35 14 4 100

26 49 23 3 100

52 12 33 2 100

47 13 35 4 100

19 32 45 4 100

24 37 38 1 100

28 41 29 2 100

57 23 17 3 100

41 31 25 3 100

33 27 38 2 100

42 35 21 3 100

36 28 34 2 100

46 22 28 3 100

46 25 26 3 100

41 33 22 4 100

39 19 30 11 100

27 21 46 6 100

52 15 25 8 100

42 30 27 1 100

39 17 37 7 100

27 14 56 3 100

In 1991, 'same' was a volunteered category for Russia, Ukraine and Lithuania.

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Q60. How likely do you think it is that women in our country will eventually have the same rights as men – very likely, somewhat likely, not too likely or not at all likely?

Very likely Somewhat

likely Not too likely Not at all

likely

Women already have

the same rights as men

(DO NOT READ) DK/Refused Total

United States Spring, 2019

Canada Spring, 2019

France Spring, 2019

Germany Spring, 2019

Greece Spring, 2019

Italy Spring, 2019

Netherlands Spring, 2019

Spain Spring, 2019

Sweden Spring, 2019

United Kingdom Spring, 2019

Bulgaria Spring, 2019

Czech Republic Spring, 2019

Hungary Spring, 2019

Lithuania Spring, 2019

Poland Spring, 2019

Slovakia Spring, 2019

Russia Spring, 2019

Ukraine Spring, 2019

Australia Spring, 2019

India Spring, 2019

Indonesia Spring, 2019

Japan Spring, 2019

Philippines Spring, 2019

South Korea Spring, 2019

Israel Spring, 2019

Lebanon Spring, 2019

Tunisia Spring, 2019

Turkey Spring, 2019

Kenya Spring, 2019

Nigeria Spring, 2019

South Africa Spring, 2019

Argentina Spring, 2019

Brazil Spring, 2019

Mexico Spring, 2019

45 30 7 3 14 1 100

51 33 7 2 7 1 100

40 39 13 5 2 0 100

48 32 12 3 4 1 100

33 28 4 1 33 0 100

25 36 17 4 17 1 100

55 35 6 2 2 0 100

37 38 19 4 2 0 100

44 41 8 1 5 1 100

50 31 9 4 5 1 100

33 27 9 1 28 2 100

21 29 16 3 26 5 100

14 27 19 4 31 4 100

16 33 16 5 23 7 100

20 37 11 2 27 2 100

20 37 17 3 20 2 100

25 39 14 5 12 4 100

14 29 12 1 41 4 100

50 33 7 2 7 1 100

54 34 5 3 2 3 100

48 31 7 4 1 9 100

19 47 27 4 2 2 100

49 39 7 2 2 1 100

43 41 12 2 2 0 100

31 34 21 3 10 1 100

40 35 12 4 8 1 100

33 31 15 9 10 2 100

22 46 14 10 3 5 100

35 39 13 12 0 2 100

27 32 23 16 1 1 100

47 28 12 10 2 2 100

59 27 9 2 1 2 100

51 23 17 5 1 2 100

51 37 8 2 1 1 100

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Q61. Now I’d like to ask you about your preference – what kind of marriage do you think is the more satisfying way of life?

One where the husband

provides for the family and the wife takes

care of the house and

children

One where the husband and

wife both have jobs and

together take care of the house and

children

One where the wife provides for the family

and the husband takes

care of the house and

children (DO NOT READ)

Other (DO NOT READ)

Neither (DO NOT READ) DK/Refused Total

United States Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Summer, 2002

Canada Spring, 2019

Summer, 2002

France Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Summer, 2002

Spring, 1991

Germany Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Summer, 2002

Spring, 1991

Greece Spring, 2019

Italy Spring, 2019

Summer, 2002

Spring, 1991

Netherlands Spring, 2019

Spain Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Spring, 1991

Sweden Spring, 2019

United Kingdom Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Summer, 2002

Spring, 1991

Bulgaria Spring, 2019

Summer, 2002

Spring, 1991

Czech Republic Spring, 2019

Summer, 2002

Spring, 1991

Hungary Spring, 2019

Spring, 1991

Lithuania Spring, 2019

Spring, 1991

Poland Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Summer, 2002

Spring, 1991

Slovakia Spring, 2019

Summer, 2002

Spring, 1991

Russia Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Summer, 2002

Spring, 1991

Ukraine Spring, 2019

Summer, 2002

Spring, 1991

Australia Spring, 2019

India Spring, 2019

21 68 1 4 2 4 100

25 71 0 0 0 4 100

37 58 0 0 0 5 100

15 74 0 3 4 4 100

26 66 0 0 0 8 100

7 91 0 0 0 1 100

9 91 0 0 0 0 100

13 86 0 0 0 1 100

30 64 0 3 0 3 100

15 79 1 1 1 3 100

12 85 0 0 0 3 100

18 80 0 0 0 2 100

36 58 0 2 0 3 100

23 77 0 0 0 0 100

22 75 2 1 1 1 100

24 74 0 0 0 2 100

35 62 0 3 0 1 100

19 78 1 0 1 2 100

7 90 0 1 0 1 100

7 91 0 0 0 2 100

30 67 0 1 0 2 100

3 93 1 2 0 2 100

17 76 1 1 3 2 100

22 71 0 0 0 7 100

23 71 0 0 0 6 100

28 64 0 5 0 3 100

16 76 4 0 1 2 100

23 74 0 0 0 3 100

40 54 0 1 0 5 100

34 60 1 2 1 2 100

28 70 0 0 0 2 100

55 40 0 2 0 3 100

25 71 1 0 1 1 100

60 36 0 3 0 1 100

33 53 4 1 3 7 100

62 36 0 0 0 2 100

27 69 2 0 0 1 100

28 68 0 0 0 4 100

39 60 0 0 0 1 100

57 41 0 1 0 2 100

29 67 3 0 1 1 100

25 74 0 0 0 1 100

54 42 0 1 0 3 100

29 68 0 0 1 2 100

25 74 0 0 0 1 100

42 56 0 0 0 2 100

48 46 0 2 0 4 100

28 60 3 1 1 7 100

36 64 0 0 0 1 100

53 44 0 1 0 2 100

23 69 1 2 2 4 100

40 58 1 0 0 1 100

46 49 1 0 0 3 100

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Q61. Now I’d like to ask you about your preference – what kind of marriage do you think is the more satisfying way of life?

One where the husband

provides for the family and the wife takes

care of the house and

children

One where the husband and

wife both have jobs and

together take care of the house and

children

One where the wife provides for the family

and the husband takes

care of the house and

children (DO NOT READ)

Other (DO NOT READ)

Neither (DO NOT READ) DK/Refused Total

Ukraine Spring, 2019

Summer, 2002

Spring, 1991

Australia Spring, 2019

India Spring, 2019

Indonesia Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Japan Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Summer, 2002

Philippines Spring, 2019

Summer, 2002

South Korea Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Summer, 2002

Israel Spring, 2019

Lebanon Spring, 2019

Summer, 2002

Tunisia Spring, 2019

Turkey Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Summer, 2002

Kenya Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Summer, 2002

Nigeria Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

South Africa Spring, 2019

Summer, 2002

Argentina Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Summer, 2002

Brazil Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Mexico Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Summer, 2002

28 60 3 1 1 7 100

36 64 0 0 0 1 100

53 44 0 1 0 2 100

23 69 1 2 2 4 100

40 58 1 0 0 1 100

46 49 1 0 0 3 100

43 56 0 0 0 1 100

19 72 0 0 6 3 100

27 68 0 0 0 5 100

32 66 0 0 0 2 100

32 66 1 0 0 0 100

37 62 0 0 0 0 100

21 76 0 1 1 1 100

33 65 0 0 0 2 100

34 65 0 0 0 1 100

29 66 1 1 2 1 100

39 59 1 0 0 1 100

35 64 0 0 0 1 100

49 50 0 0 1 0 100

37 57 2 1 1 2 100

25 72 0 0 0 2 100

29 69 0 0 0 2 100

20 77 1 0 0 1 100

18 81 0 0 0 1 100

20 78 0 0 0 2 100

33 67 1 0 0 0 100

38 61 0 0 0 1 100

22 73 3 0 0 2 100

20 80 0 0 0 0 100

23 75 1 0 0 1 100

30 67 0 0 0 2 100

35 63 0 0 0 2 100

17 80 1 0 0 2 100

15 84 0 0 0 0 100

22 74 1 1 0 2 100

21 76 0 0 0 2 100

32 67 0 0 0 1 100

In 2010 and 2002, no volunteered categories were specified. In 1991, only a volunteered 'other' category was specified.

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Q62. Please tell me whether you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree, or completely disagree with the following statement: when jobs are scarce, men should have

more right to a job than women

Completely agree Mostly agree

Mostly disagree

Completely disagree DK/Refused Total

United States Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Canada Spring, 2019

France Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Germany Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Greece Spring, 2019

Italy Spring, 2019

Netherlands Spring, 2019

Spain Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Sweden Spring, 2019

United Kingdom Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Bulgaria Spring, 2019

Czech Republic Spring, 2019

Hungary Spring, 2019

Lithuania Spring, 2019

Poland Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Slovakia Spring, 2019

Russia Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Ukraine Spring, 2019

Australia Spring, 2019

India Spring, 2019

Indonesia Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Japan Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Philippines Spring, 2019

South Korea Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Israel Spring, 2019

Lebanon Spring, 2019

Spring, 2012

Tunisia Spring, 2019

Spring, 2012

Turkey Spring, 2019

Spring, 2012

Spring, 2010

Kenya Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Nigeria Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

South Africa Spring, 2019

Argentina Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

5 8 18 67 2 100

4 10 21 64 2 100

3 8 21 67 1 100

10 12 21 57 1 100

8 12 16 64 0 100

9 11 15 63 2 100

4 15 19 61 2 100

17 29 30 23 1 100

15 25 23 34 3 100

6 8 17 69 0 100

7 5 22 66 0 100

2 10 34 53 1 100

3 4 9 83 1 100

5 9 19 65 1 100

4 8 16 69 3 100

12 28 26 28 5 100

12 25 23 35 5 100

13 22 18 43 4 100

8 20 20 44 8 100

12 30 22 29 7 100

16 28 27 24 4 100

20 39 22 15 4 100

29 16 28 24 3 100

25 22 21 28 3 100

13 30 17 30 9 100

5 10 22 61 1 100

55 24 9 7 5 100

43 30 17 4 6 100

23 51 24 3 0 100

14 29 34 21 3 100

12 29 36 22 1 100

44 31 14 10 1 100

20 32 27 19 2 100

25 35 27 12 1 100

15 21 21 40 3 100

37 24 17 20 1 100

31 19 18 31 1 100

64 17 7 11 1 100

72 14 7 7 0 100

40 30 10 18 2 100

40 27 20 10 3 100

38 29 18 12 3 100

40 18 18 22 2 100

25 21 18 35 1 100

54 16 11 17 1 100

52 25 10 11 3 100

37 20 14 28 1 100

23 14 23 37 2 100

25 18 21 35 2 100

22 12 16 48 2 100

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Q62. Please tell me whether you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree, or completely disagree with the following statement: when jobs are scarce, men should have

more right to a job than women

Completely agree Mostly agree

Mostly disagree

Completely disagree DK/Refused Total

Brazil Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

Mexico Spring, 2019

Spring, 2010

22 12 16 48 2 100

23 14 11 52 0 100

11 28 36 22 3 100

14 14 23 46 3 100

Q64a. In a family, when it comes to making important decisions about ____, do you think …? a. Household finances

Men generally have more influence

Women generally have more influence

Men and women

generally have about the

same influence DK/Refused Total

United States Spring, 2019

Canada Spring, 2019

France Spring, 2019

Germany Spring, 2019

Greece Spring, 2019

Italy Spring, 2019

Netherlands Spring, 2019

Spain Spring, 2019

Sweden Spring, 2019

United Kingdom Spring, 2019

Bulgaria Spring, 2019

Czech Republic Spring, 2019

Hungary Spring, 2019

Lithuania Spring, 2019

Poland Spring, 2019

Slovakia Spring, 2019

Russia Spring, 2019

Ukraine Spring, 2019

Australia Spring, 2019

India Spring, 2019

Indonesia Spring, 2019

Japan Spring, 2019

Philippines Spring, 2019

South Korea Spring, 2019

Israel Spring, 2019

Lebanon Spring, 2019

Tunisia Spring, 2019

Turkey Spring, 2019

Kenya Spring, 2019

Nigeria Spring, 2019

South Africa Spring, 2019

Argentina Spring, 2019

Brazil Spring, 2019

23 13 63 1 100

22 11 64 2 100

19 18 61 1 100

21 14 64 2 100

22 25 52 0 100

30 10 59 1 100

17 21 62 0 100

18 9 72 0 100

37 9 54 1 100

25 13 61 1 100

25 11 62 2 100

34 18 46 2 100

22 20 56 2 100

41 18 37 3 100

22 28 49 1 100

37 24 37 1 100

21 22 53 4 100

25 21 48 6 100

22 15 62 2 100

34 13 52 1 100

19 14 62 4 100

16 29 54 1 100

12 19 68 0 100

23 24 53 1 100

44 11 44 1 100

40 10 49 0 100

37 15 47 0 100

54 11 34 1 100

33 15 51 2 100

61 10 29 1 100

22 20 56 2 100

14 19 65 1 100

24 19 56 2 100

18 10 71 1 100

37 PEW RESEARCH CENTER

www.pewresearch.org

Q64a. In a family, when it comes to making important decisions about ____, do you think …? a. Household finances

Men generally have more influence

Women generally have more influence

Men and women

generally have about the

same influence DK/Refused Total

Mexico Spring, 2019 18 10 71 1 100

Q64b. In a family, when it comes to making important decisions about ____, do you think …? b. How to raise children

Men generally have more influence

Women generally have more influence

Men and women

generally have about the

same influence DK/Refused Total

United States Spring, 2019

Canada Spring, 2019

France Spring, 2019

Germany Spring, 2019

Greece Spring, 2019

Italy Spring, 2019

Netherlands Spring, 2019

Spain Spring, 2019

Sweden Spring, 2019

United Kingdom Spring, 2019

Bulgaria Spring, 2019

Czech Republic Spring, 2019

Hungary Spring, 2019

Lithuania Spring, 2019

Poland Spring, 2019

Slovakia Spring, 2019

Russia Spring, 2019

Ukraine Spring, 2019

Australia Spring, 2019

India Spring, 2019

Indonesia Spring, 2019

Japan Spring, 2019

Philippines Spring, 2019

South Korea Spring, 2019

Israel Spring, 2019

Lebanon Spring, 2019

Tunisia Spring, 2019

Turkey Spring, 2019

Kenya Spring, 2019

Nigeria Spring, 2019

South Africa Spring, 2019

Argentina Spring, 2019

Brazil Spring, 2019

4 37 57 1 100

3 37 58 2 100

5 35 59 1 100

2 37 60 1 100

2 58 40 0 100

5 39 56 1 100

3 38 59 0 100

5 15 80 0 100

5 35 59 0 100

4 40 56 0 100

4 35 60 1 100

8 50 40 2 100

3 46 48 2 100

7 59 31 3 100

7 47 45 1 100

11 55 33 0 100

7 39 52 2 100

6 45 48 1 100

4 37 58 1 100

6 41 52 1 100

8 15 73 4 100

5 38 55 1 100

6 14 80 0 100

6 48 46 0 100

12 54 34 0 100

3 57 40 0 100

7 46 47 0 100

13 49 38 0 100

11 29 60 0 100

15 37 48 0 100

8 40 51 2 100

3 25 71 1 100

4 39 56 1 100

6 21 72 0 100

38 PEW RESEARCH CENTER

www.pewresearch.org

Q64b. In a family, when it comes to making important decisions about ____, do you think …? b. How to raise children

Men generally have more influence

Women generally have more influence

Men and women

generally have about the

same influence DK/Refused Total

Mexico Spring, 2019 6 21 72 0 100

Q64c. In a family, when it comes to making important decisions about ____, do you think …? c. Their family's religious practices

Men generally have more influence

Women generally have more influence

Men and women

generally have about the

same influence DK/Refused Total

United States Spring, 2019

Canada Spring, 2019

France Spring, 2019

Germany Spring, 2019

Greece Spring, 2019

Italy Spring, 2019

Netherlands Spring, 2019

Spain Spring, 2019

Sweden Spring, 2019

United Kingdom Spring, 2019

Bulgaria Spring, 2019

Czech Republic Spring, 2019

Hungary Spring, 2019

Lithuania Spring, 2019

Poland Spring, 2019

Slovakia Spring, 2019

Russia Spring, 2019

Ukraine Spring, 2019

Australia Spring, 2019

India Spring, 2019

Indonesia Spring, 2019

Japan Spring, 2019

Philippines Spring, 2019

South Korea Spring, 2019

Israel Spring, 2019

Lebanon Spring, 2019

Tunisia Spring, 2019

Turkey Spring, 2019

Kenya Spring, 2019

Nigeria Spring, 2019

South Africa Spring, 2019

Argentina Spring, 2019

Brazil Spring, 2019

14 19 64 3 100

17 14 63 6 100

20 10 66 4 100

13 10 69 7 100

4 41 54 1 100

8 24 64 3 100

29 6 63 2 100

10 10 76 3 100

45 3 45 7 100

23 7 65 5 100

5 22 61 12 100

10 15 53 22 100

8 21 61 10 100

9 41 37 13 100

8 34 53 4 100

15 36 44 5 100

13 17 57 13 100

9 27 54 10 100

18 10 67 5 100

14 28 57 2 100

22 4 70 4 100

17 10 67 7 100

12 7 80 0 100

8 26 64 2 100

44 10 42 3 100

16 14 70 1 100

20 13 65 2 100

19 28 51 3 100

25 21 52 2 100

43 12 45 1 100

24 20 53 3 100

4 23 70 4 100

5 36 56 3 100

6 18 74 2 100

39 PEW RESEARCH CENTER

www.pewresearch.org

Q64c. In a family, when it comes to making important decisions about ____, do you think …? c. Their family's religious practices

Men generally have more influence

Women generally have more influence

Men and women

generally have about the

same influence DK/Refused Total

Mexico Spring, 2019 6 18 74 2 100

Q65a. In (survey country) today, when it comes to ____ do you think …? a. Being leaders in their local communities

Men generally have more

opportunities

Women generally have

more opportunities

Opportunities are generally

about the same for both DK/Refused Total

United States Spring, 2019

Canada Spring, 2019

France Spring, 2019

Germany Spring, 2019

Greece Spring, 2019

Italy Spring, 2019

Netherlands Spring, 2019

Spain Spring, 2019

Sweden Spring, 2019

United Kingdom Spring, 2019

Bulgaria Spring, 2019

Czech Republic Spring, 2019

Hungary Spring, 2019

Lithuania Spring, 2019

Poland Spring, 2019

Slovakia Spring, 2019

Russia Spring, 2019

Ukraine Spring, 2019

Australia Spring, 2019

India Spring, 2019

Indonesia Spring, 2019

Japan Spring, 2019

Philippines Spring, 2019

South Korea Spring, 2019

Israel Spring, 2019

Lebanon Spring, 2019

Tunisia Spring, 2019

Turkey Spring, 2019

Kenya Spring, 2019

Nigeria Spring, 2019

South Africa Spring, 2019

Argentina Spring, 2019

Brazil Spring, 2019

40 4 55 1 100

43 3 54 0 100

55 3 41 1 100

36 3 59 2 100

57 1 41 1 100

59 2 36 3 100

47 1 52 0 100

44 1 55 1 100

48 2 47 2 100

45 2 52 1 100

42 2 46 10 100

32 2 55 11 100

47 1 49 3 100

29 9 53 9 100

39 10 47 5 100

53 6 39 2 100

38 4 50 7 100

39 5 45 11 100

38 4 57 0 100

39 7 51 4 100

36 3 54 7 100

66 2 32 1 100

20 5 74 1 100

72 6 22 0 100

65 3 31 1 100

61 3 35 2 100

58 5 32 5 100

66 7 23 4 100

48 5 46 1 100

79 3 17 1 100

39 9 49 2 100

29 4 64 2 100

39 6 50 5 100

28 7 64 2 100

40 PEW RESEARCH CENTER

www.pewresearch.org

Q65a. In (survey country) today, when it comes to ____ do you think …? a. Being leaders in their local communities

Men generally have more

opportunities

Women generally have

more opportunities

Opportunities are generally

about the same for both DK/Refused Total

Mexico Spring, 2019 28 7 64 2 100

Q65b. In (survey country) today, when it comes to ____ do you think …? b. Getting a good education

Men generally have more

opportunities

Women generally have

more opportunities

Opportunities are generally

about the same for both DK/Refused Total

United States Spring, 2019

Canada Spring, 2019

France Spring, 2019

Germany Spring, 2019

Greece Spring, 2019

Italy Spring, 2019

Netherlands Spring, 2019

Spain Spring, 2019

Sweden Spring, 2019

United Kingdom Spring, 2019

Bulgaria Spring, 2019

Czech Republic Spring, 2019

Hungary Spring, 2019

Lithuania Spring, 2019

Poland Spring, 2019

Slovakia Spring, 2019

Russia Spring, 2019

Ukraine Spring, 2019

Australia Spring, 2019

India Spring, 2019

Indonesia Spring, 2019

Japan Spring, 2019

Philippines Spring, 2019

South Korea Spring, 2019

Israel Spring, 2019

Lebanon Spring, 2019

Tunisia Spring, 2019

Turkey Spring, 2019

Kenya Spring, 2019

Nigeria Spring, 2019

South Africa Spring, 2019

Argentina Spring, 2019

Brazil Spring, 2019

14 9 76 1 100

7 5 88 0 100

20 5 74 0 100

11 4 85 0 100

6 3 91 1 100

11 4 83 1 100

5 8 87 0 100

11 3 86 0 100

10 9 80 0 100

17 5 78 1 100

8 5 85 2 100

7 2 88 3 100

7 2 88 2 100

13 10 71 5 100

13 10 75 2 100

20 8 71 1 100

9 6 81 3 100

7 4 86 3 100

10 5 84 1 100

12 10 76 1 100

8 2 86 5 100

19 4 76 1 100

7 6 86 0 100

19 5 75 0 100

21 13 65 1 100

5 12 83 0 100

6 24 70 0 100

33 13 52 2 100

11 10 78 1 100

22 8 69 0 100

7 14 77 2 100

7 6 86 1 100

20 12 64 4 100

12 5 82 1 100

41 PEW RESEARCH CENTER

www.pewresearch.org

Q65b. In (survey country) today, when it comes to ____ do you think …? b. Getting a good education

Men generally have more

opportunities

Women generally have

more opportunities

Opportunities are generally

about the same for both DK/Refused Total

Mexico Spring, 2019 12 5 82 1 100

Q65c. In (survey country) today, when it comes to ____ do you think …? c. Getting high-paying jobs

Men generally have more

opportunities

Women generally have

more opportunities

Opportunities are generally

about the same for both DK/Refused Total

United States Spring, 2019

Canada Spring, 2019

France Spring, 2019

Germany Spring, 2019

Greece Spring, 2019

Italy Spring, 2019

Netherlands Spring, 2019

Spain Spring, 2019

Sweden Spring, 2019

United Kingdom Spring, 2019

Bulgaria Spring, 2019

Czech Republic Spring, 2019

Hungary Spring, 2019

Lithuania Spring, 2019

Poland Spring, 2019

Slovakia Spring, 2019

Russia Spring, 2019

Ukraine Spring, 2019

Australia Spring, 2019

India Spring, 2019

Indonesia Spring, 2019

Japan Spring, 2019

Philippines Spring, 2019

South Korea Spring, 2019

Israel Spring, 2019

Lebanon Spring, 2019

Tunisia Spring, 2019

Turkey Spring, 2019

Kenya Spring, 2019

Nigeria Spring, 2019

South Africa Spring, 2019

Argentina Spring, 2019

Brazil Spring, 2019

60 2 38 1 100

66 2 31 1 100

77 1 21 0 100

60 2 37 1 100

48 2 48 1 100

63 2 34 1 100

62 4 34 0 100

70 1 29 0 100

79 1 19 0 100

69 2 29 0 100

52 2 44 2 100

61 1 35 3 100

57 1 39 2 100

54 7 35 4 100

54 7 36 3 100

62 5 32 2 100

46 3 47 3 100

51 3 41 4 100

69 1 29 1 100

28 7 62 3 100

22 4 68 5 100

75 1 23 1 100

17 6 77 0 100

75 1 24 0 100

72 3 23 2 100

45 6 47 3 100

30 19 50 1 100

49 17 29 4 100

31 10 57 1 100

47 11 42 1 100

32 9 57 2 100

45 6 46 2 100

52 8 38 3 100

36 6 56 2 100

42 PEW RESEARCH CENTER

www.pewresearch.org

Q65c. In (survey country) today, when it comes to ____ do you think …? c. Getting high-paying jobs

Men generally have more

opportunities

Women generally have

more opportunities

Opportunities are generally

about the same for both DK/Refused Total

Mexico Spring, 2019 36 6 56 2 100

Q65d. In (survey country) today, when it comes to ____ do you think …? d. Expressing their political views

Men generally have more

opportunities

Women generally have

more opportunities

Opportunities are generally

about the same for both DK/Refused Total

United States Spring, 2019

Canada Spring, 2019

France Spring, 2019

Germany Spring, 2019

Greece Spring, 2019

Italy Spring, 2019

Netherlands Spring, 2019

Spain Spring, 2019

Sweden Spring, 2019

United Kingdom Spring, 2019

Bulgaria Spring, 2019

Czech Republic Spring, 2019

Hungary Spring, 2019

Lithuania Spring, 2019

Poland Spring, 2019

Slovakia Spring, 2019

Russia Spring, 2019

Ukraine Spring, 2019

Australia Spring, 2019

India Spring, 2019

Indonesia Spring, 2019

Japan Spring, 2019

Philippines Spring, 2019

South Korea Spring, 2019

Israel Spring, 2019

Lebanon Spring, 2019

Tunisia Spring, 2019

Turkey Spring, 2019

Kenya Spring, 2019

Nigeria Spring, 2019

South Africa Spring, 2019

Argentina Spring, 2019

Brazil Spring, 2019

32 4 63 1 100

29 4 67 1 100

40 2 57 0 100

27 3 69 1 100

26 0 73 0 100

30 2 67 1 100

35 2 63 0 100

27 2 71 0 100

23 2 75 0 100

31 2 66 1 100

21 1 71 7 100

21 2 74 3 100

30 1 66 4 100

27 9 55 9 100

29 5 63 3 100

33 5 60 2 100

36 2 55 7 100

23 3 70 4 100

29 3 67 1 100

37 4 54 5 100

19 2 71 9 100

48 3 48 2 100

17 4 78 1 100

55 3 42 1 100

42 3 54 1 100

40 2 57 1 100

38 7 51 4 100

53 7 37 3 100

40 6 53 1 100

64 2 33 1 100

32 8 57 4 100

27 3 68 2 100

40 3 54 3 100

26 4 69 2 100

43 PEW RESEARCH CENTER

www.pewresearch.org

Q65d. In (survey country) today, when it comes to ____ do you think …? d. Expressing their political views

Men generally have more

opportunities

Women generally have

more opportunities

Opportunities are generally

about the same for both DK/Refused Total

Mexico Spring, 2019 26 4 69 2 100

44 PEW RESEARCH CENTER

www.pewresearch.org